Review: This article is dedicated to the examination of the fundamental positions of the Criminal Code of RSFSR of 1922 that establishes responsibility for actions, which in accordance with the current legislation, fell into the notion of extremism (extremist activity). Actions that qualify for the legal definition of extremism are included into various chapters and sections of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In addition to that, the majority of them is referred to as crimes against the foundations of the constitutional structure and state security, as well as against public safety and order. The author conducts a complex analysis of legal norms of the Criminal Code of RSFSR of 1922 that regulate the responsibility for state crimes. The conclusion is made that the first codified source of criminal law of RFSR In defining the criteria of criminal-legal security was guided by the priority of securing the government authority and its interests. At the same time, in the 1922 Criminal Code, state crimes did not attain the parameters of thoroughly developed and constructed with consideration of the object of a crime system of the corresponding infringements. The notion of “counterrevolutionary crime” was formulated in the Criminal Code of 1922; based on this notion, the legislators also constructed separate components of such crimes. A complex analysis of these crimes allows concluding that they contained signs of extremist activity in its modern perception.

Keywords: Extremism, Counterrevolutionary crime , Incitement of animosity, Soviet government, Criminal Code, Agitation, Propagation, State crimes, Criminal liability, Punishment

References:
Gosudarstvennye prestupleniya: ucheb. posobie po Sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu / pod red. M.I. Yakubovicha i V.A. Vladimirova. – M.: «Vysshaya shkola», 1961. – 228 s.
Beshukova Z.M. Prestupleniya, svyazannye s osushchestvleniem ekstremistskoy deyatel'nosti (sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie): monografiya. Pyatigorsk: RIA-KMV. – 2011. – 208 s.
Malinovskiy V.V. Organizatsionnaya deyatel'nost' v ugolovnom prave Rossii (vidy i kharakteristika): monografiya / otv. red. A.I. Chuchaev. – M.: Prospekt, 2009. – 192 s.
Postanovlenie VTsIK ot 3 yanvarya 1918 g. «O priznanii kontrrevolyutsionnym deystviem vsekh popytok prisvoit' sebe funktsii gosudarstvennoy vlasti». URL: http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/5318/
Postanovlenie VTsIK ot 1 iyunya 1922 g. «O vvedenie v deystvie Ugolovnogo Kodeksa R.S.F.S.R.» (vmeste s «Ugolovnym Kodeksom R.S.F.S.R.») // SPS «Konsul'tant Plyus».

References (transliteration):
Gosudarstvennye prestupleniya: ucheb. posobie po Sovetskomu ugolovnomu pravu / pod red. M.I. Yakubovicha i V.A. Vladimirova. – M.: «Vysshaya shkola», 1961. – 228 s.
Beshukova Z.M. Prestupleniya, svyazannye s osushchestvleniem ekstremistskoy deyatel'nosti (sravnitel'no-pravovoe issledovanie): monografiya. Pyatigorsk: RIA-KMV. – 2011. – 208 s.
Malinovskiy V.V. Organizatsionnaya deyatel'nost' v ugolovnom prave Rossii (vidy i kharakteristika): monografiya / otv. red. A.I. Chuchaev. – M.: Prospekt, 2009. – 192 s.
Postanovlenie VTsIK ot 3 yanvarya 1918 g. «O priznanii kontrrevolyutsionnym deystviem vsekh popytok prisvoit' sebe funktsii gosudarstvennoy vlasti». URL: http://constitution.garant.ru/history/act1600-1918/5318/
Postanovlenie VTsIK ot 1 iyunya 1922 g. «O vvedenie v deystvie Ugolovnogo Kodeksa R.S.F.S.R.» (vmeste s «Ugolovnym Kodeksom R.S.F.S.R.») // SPS «Konsul'tant Plyus».

Review: The authors consider the fire case as an independent economic sector, urban and rural improvement in Kursk province in the second half of the XIX century Notes that despite the relatively good material and technical provision of fire protection, the number of fires did not decrease compared with the first half of the nineteenth century, and the damage from the largest of them grew. It is revealed that the main reason for this was the widespread violation of the requirements of the Construction Charter in a continuous urban sprawl. The emphasis is on the need to establish binding rules on the prevention of all types of fires and struggle with them, the implementation of which should be the prerogative of local governments. Methodological basis of work was the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity. Specific research methods were used: historical andcomparative, problem-chronological and analytical. The paper shows that in the second half of the nineteenth century in Kursk province, despite the difficulties, has been paid close attention to the development and modernization of the firefighting business as important factor of socio-economic development of the region. The study of this experience deserves great attention in the current environment and implementation of effective fire prevention measures and the development of appropriate financial mechanisms for their implementation.

Keywords: Kursk Zemstvo, fire fighting, fire protection, historical experience, Kursk province, ocal govermnent, fire officials, fire brigades, voluntary fire brigades, Construction Charter

References:
GAKO. F.ZZ.Op.44. D.2963. L. 32,34, 51.
GAKO. F.1. Op.1. D.1806. L. 173.
GAKO. F.1.0P.1. D. ZON. L. 68-96.
Doklady Kurskoy Gubernskoy Zemskoy Upravy XXII ocherednomu Gubernskomu Zemskomu sobraniyu. Kursk, 1886. S. 207.
GAK0.F.1.0P.1. D.3401. L. 84, 119.
GAK0.F.1.0P.1. D.5368. L.40,93.
Doklady Kurskoy Gubernskoy Zemskoy Upravy XXXIII ocherednomu Gubernskomu Zemskomu sobraniyu. Kursk, 1897. S. 45, 93, 162, 185.

References (transliteration):
GAKO. F.ZZ.Op.44. D.2963. L. 32,34, 51.
GAKO. F.1. Op.1. D.1806. L. 173.
GAKO. F.1.0P.1. D. ZON. L. 68-96.
Doklady Kurskoy Gubernskoy Zemskoy Upravy XXII ocherednomu Gubernskomu Zemskomu sobraniyu. Kursk, 1886. S. 207.
GAK0.F.1.0P.1. D.3401. L. 84, 119.
GAK0.F.1.0P.1. D.5368. L.40,93.
Doklady Kurskoy Gubernskoy Zemskoy Upravy XXXIII ocherednomu Gubernskomu Zemskomu sobraniyu. Kursk, 1897. S. 45, 93, 162, 185.

Review: The subject of the research in the present article is the history of establishment and development of the institution of coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the federal subjects of Russia. The aim of the paper is to determine how the new political and legal phenomenon was established during the crisis of the federal system in 1990-s, namely, the international activity of Russian regions, to analyse the genesis of legal regulation in the area, to show the connection between the political processes of sovereignisation and reinforcement of their international legal personality. The methodology of the study includes general and specific scientific methods. The leading research method was historical and legal method; formal legal and comparative legal approaches were also applied. As a result of the conducted study the author drew a conclusion that the international legal personality of the federal subjects of Russia is derivant from the international legal personality of the Russian Federation, is defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal laws, cannot be compared to the federal legal personality when it comes to their volume, and cannot have the features of the legal personality of a state. There are two stages in the development of the legal institution of coordination of international and foreign economic relations. At the first stage legal regulation in this sphere is established, and the corresponding powers of the federal subjects are formed. This stage is characterised by an active intervention of the federal subjects into the area of federal regulation and unjustified broadening of powers. The second stage is different from the first one due to the established stable legal regulation, institutionalisation in the field of the implementation of coordination of international and foreign economic relations.  The novelty of the paper lies in the fact that it analyses constitutional and other regulatory legal acts of Soviet and post-Soviet periods, as well as bilateral agreements and practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation from the point of view of formation of political and state-legal processes that provide the Russian regions with an opportunity to perform international activity. The development of regional cooperation with foreign partners is an important reserve of international connections if they are conducted in strict accordance with sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia. The article highlights certain disadvantages in the legislative regulation in the studied area and provides the recommendations regarding their elimination. In modern political and legal science the study of the federalism-related problems is impossible without deep scientific analysis of certain historical conditions, as well as the genesis of legal means of regulation.

Keywords: state, Constitution, federalism, foreign economic relations, international relations, federal subject of Russia, region, law, Constitutional Court, sovereignty

References:
Shakhray S.M. Rol' resheniy Konstitutsionnogo Suda
Rossiyskoy Federatsii v stanovlenii
konstitutsionnoy modeli
rossiyskogo federalizma // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law. - 2012. - 2. - C. 27 - 36.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 13 marta 1992 goda ¹ 3-P po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti Deklaratsii o gosudarstvennom suverenitete Tatarskoy SSR ot 30 avgusta 1990 goda, Zakona Tatarskoy SSR ot 18 aprelya 1991 goda «Ob izmeneniyakh i dopolneniyakh Konstitutsii (Osnovnogo Zakona) Tatarskoy SSR», Zakona Tatarskoy SSR ot 29 noyabrya 1991 goda «O referendume Tatarskoy SSR», postanovleniya Verkhovnogo Soveta Respubliki Tatarstan ot 21 fevralya 1992 goda «O provedenii referenduma Respubliki Tatarstan po voprosu o gosudarstvennom statuse Respubliki Tatarstan» // Vestnik Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii. ‒ 1993. ‒ ¹ 1.
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References (transliteration):
Shakhray S.M. Rol' resheniy Konstitutsionnogo Suda
Rossiyskoy Federatsii v stanovlenii
konstitutsionnoy modeli
rossiyskogo federalizma // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law. - 2012. - 2. - C. 27 - 36.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 13 marta 1992 goda ¹ 3-P po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti Deklaratsii o gosudarstvennom suverenitete Tatarskoy SSR ot 30 avgusta 1990 goda, Zakona Tatarskoy SSR ot 18 aprelya 1991 goda «Ob izmeneniyakh i dopolneniyakh Konstitutsii (Osnovnogo Zakona) Tatarskoy SSR», Zakona Tatarskoy SSR ot 29 noyabrya 1991 goda «O referendume Tatarskoy SSR», postanovleniya Verkhovnogo Soveta Respubliki Tatarstan ot 21 fevralya 1992 goda «O provedenii referenduma Respubliki Tatarstan po voprosu o gosudarstvennom statuse Respubliki Tatarstan» // Vestnik Konstitutsionnogo Suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii. ‒ 1993. ‒ ¹ 1.
Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 27 iyunya 2000 goda ¹ 92-O po zaprosu gruppy deputatov Gosudarstvennoy Dumy o proverke sootvetstviya Konstitutsii Rossiyskoy Federatsii otdel'nykh polozheniy Konstitutsiy Respubliki Adygeya, Respubliki Bashkortostan, Respubliki Ingushetiya, Respubliki Komi, Respubliki Severnaya Osetiya ‒ Alaniya i Respubliki Tatarstan // SZ RF. ‒.2000. ‒¹ 29. ‒ St. 3117.
Opredelenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 6 dekabrya 2001 goda ¹ 250-O po zaprosu Gosudarstvennogo Sobraniya ‒ Kurultaya Respubliki Bashkortostan o tolkovanii ryada polozheniy statey 5, 11, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77 i 78 Konstitutsii Rossiyskoy Federatsii // SPS «Konstul'tantPlyus».
Konstitutsiya Respubliki Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya // Severnaya Osetiya. ‒ 1994. ‒ 7 dekabrya.
Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 7 iyunya 2000 goda ¹ 10-P po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti otdel'nykh polozheniy Konstitutsii Respubliki Altay i Federal'nogo zakona «Ob obshchikh printsipakh organizatsii zakonodatel'nykh (predstavitel'nykh) i ispolnitel'nykh organov gosudarstvennoy vlasti sub'ektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii» // SZ RF. ‒ 2000. ‒¹ 25. ‒ St. 2728.
Konstitutsiya Udmurtskoy Respubliki ot 7 dekabrya 1994 g. // Izvestiya Udmurtskoy Respubliki. ‒1994. ‒ 21 dekabrya. ‒ ¹ 4.
Konstitutsiya Respubliki Ingushetiya ot 27 fevralya 1994 g. // SPS «Konsul'tantPlyus».
Konstitutsiya Respubliki Mariy El ot 24 iyunya 1995 g. // Mariyskaya pravda. ‒ 1995. ‒ 7 iyulya.
Konstitutsiya Respubliki Komi ot 17 fevralya 1994 g. // Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta Respubliki Komi. ‒ 1994. ‒ ¹ 2. ‒ St.21.
Ustav Khabarovskogo kraya ot 30 noyabrya 1995 g. // Tikhookeanskaya zvezda. ‒ 1996. ‒ 13 yanvarya. ‒ ¹ 7, ‒ 16 yanvarya. ‒. ¹ 8.
Konstitutsiya Respubliki Adygeya ot 10 marta 1995 g. // Vedomosti Zakonodatel'nogo Sobraniya (Khase)-Parlamenta Respubliki Adygeya. ‒ 1995. ‒ ¹ 16.
Konstitutsiya Respubliki Tyva ot 21 oktyabrya 1993 g. // SPS «Garant».
Ustav Krasnoyarskogo kraya ot 29 fevralya 1996 g.// Krasnoyarskiy rabochiy. ‒1996. ‒ 29 marta. ‒ ¹ 60.
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Konstitutsiya Respubliki Dagestan ot 26 iyulya 1994 g. // SPS «Garant».
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Dogovor o razgranichenii predmetov vedeniya i polnomochiy mezhdu federal'nymi organami gosudarstvennoy vlasti Rossiyskoy Federatsii i organami vlasti kraev, oblastey, gorodov Moskvy i Sankt-Peterburga Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 31 marta 1992 // Tam zhe.
Dogovor o razgranichenii predmetov vedeniya i polnomochiy mezhdu federal'nymi organami gosudarstvennoy vlasti Rossiyskoy Federatsii i organami vlasti suverennykh respublik v sostave Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 31 marta 1992 g. //Sayt Konstitutsii Rossiyskoy Federatsii. URL: http://constitution.garant.ru/act/federative/170280/#block_120 (data obrashcheniya 18.08.2015)
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Review: The subject of the present article is the debate between Boris Chicherin and Vladimir Solovyov on the essence of law that took place in the second half of the XIX century. While the former was a classical liberal, who linked the essence of law solely with the values of freedom, the latter defended the understanding of law as some minimum of justice. Examining their views, the author shows that the arguments of these scholars are widespread among modern Russian jurists. Unfortunately, modern domestic legal science has not yet found a consensus on this fundamental issue. In the present paper the method of the unity of the historical and logical, together with the historical critical method are used, which allows to update the theoretical heritage of Boris Chicherin and Vladimir Solovyov. The content of the legislation and legal enforcement in the modern state directly depend on how we understand the nature of law. In order to remove the opposition of freedom and justice, the author proposes axiological understanding of constitutionalism as a theoretical form of legal consciousness, linking these values in a creative synthesis. On this basis it is possible to implement the norms and principles of the 1993 Constitution into the fabric of the Russian society.

Keywords: justice, freedom, legal consciousness, Vladimir Solovyov, Boris Chicherin, constitutionalism, law, moral, value, axiology

References:
Kochetkov V.V. Konstitutsionalizm i sotsial'nyy vopros// POLIS. 2012. ¹ 2. S. 152-163.
Kastel' R. Metamorfozy sotsial'nogo voprosa. Khronika naemnogo truda. SPb.: Aleteyya, 2009. S. 343.
Mamut L.S. Sotsial'noe gosudarstvo s tochki zreniya prava // Gosudarstvo i pravo, 2001, ¹ 7. S. 7.
Khuber E.R. Pravovoe i sotsial'noe gosudarstvo v sovremennom industrial'nom obshchestve // Politicheskaya filosofiya v Germanii: Sb. st. M.: Sovremennye tetradi, 2005. S. 170.
Bauman Z. Svoboda. M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2006. S.22.
Osnovnye zadachi nauki sovetskogo prava: Materialy pervogo Soveshchaniya nauchnykh rabotnikov prava. 16–19 iyulya 1938 g. M., 1938. S. 37.
Lapaeva V.V. Tipy pravoponimaniya: pravovaya teoriya i praktika. M.: Rossiyskaya akademiya pravosudiya, 2012. S. 13.
Solov'ev V.S. Opravdanie dobra // Solov'ev V. S. Sobr. soch. v 9-ti tomakh. T.8. SPb.: Izd-vo T-va «Obshchestvennaya Pol'za», 1901. S.319.
Solov'ev V.S. Kritika otvlechennykh nachal// Solov'ev V. S. Sobr. soch. v 9-ti tomakh. T.2. SPb.: Izd-vo T-va «Obshchestvennaya Pol'za», 1901. S. 144.
Chicherin B.N. Kurs gosudarstvennoy nauki. T.1. M.: Tipografiya tovarishchestva I. N. Kushnerev i Ko, 1894. S.175.
Chicherin B.N. Filosofiya prava. M.: Tipo-lit. t-va I. N. Kushnerev i Kº, 1900. S.50-52.
Chicherin B.N. O narodnom predstavitel'stve. M.: Izd-vo Sytina, 1866. S.175.
Chicherin B.N. Sobstvennost' i gosudarstvo. T.1. M.: Tip. Martynova i Kº, 1883. S.3-9.
Valitskiy A. Filosofiya prava russkogo liberalizma. M.: Mysl', 2012. S.84.

References (transliteration):
Kochetkov V.V. Konstitutsionalizm i sotsial'nyy vopros// POLIS. 2012. ¹ 2. S. 152-163.
Kastel' R. Metamorfozy sotsial'nogo voprosa. Khronika naemnogo truda. SPb.: Aleteyya, 2009. S. 343.
Mamut L.S. Sotsial'noe gosudarstvo s tochki zreniya prava // Gosudarstvo i pravo, 2001, ¹ 7. S. 7.
Khuber E.R. Pravovoe i sotsial'noe gosudarstvo v sovremennom industrial'nom obshchestve // Politicheskaya filosofiya v Germanii: Sb. st. M.: Sovremennye tetradi, 2005. S. 170.
Bauman Z. Svoboda. M.: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2006. S.22.
Osnovnye zadachi nauki sovetskogo prava: Materialy pervogo Soveshchaniya nauchnykh rabotnikov prava. 16–19 iyulya 1938 g. M., 1938. S. 37.
Lapaeva V.V. Tipy pravoponimaniya: pravovaya teoriya i praktika. M.: Rossiyskaya akademiya pravosudiya, 2012. S. 13.
Solov'ev V.S. Opravdanie dobra // Solov'ev V. S. Sobr. soch. v 9-ti tomakh. T.8. SPb.: Izd-vo T-va «Obshchestvennaya Pol'za», 1901. S.319.
Solov'ev V.S. Kritika otvlechennykh nachal// Solov'ev V. S. Sobr. soch. v 9-ti tomakh. T.2. SPb.: Izd-vo T-va «Obshchestvennaya Pol'za», 1901. S. 144.
Chicherin B.N. Kurs gosudarstvennoy nauki. T.1. M.: Tipografiya tovarishchestva I. N. Kushnerev i Ko, 1894. S.175.
Chicherin B.N. Filosofiya prava. M.: Tipo-lit. t-va I. N. Kushnerev i Kº, 1900. S.50-52.
Chicherin B.N. O narodnom predstavitel'stve. M.: Izd-vo Sytina, 1866. S.175.
Chicherin B.N. Sobstvennost' i gosudarstvo. T.1. M.: Tip. Martynova i Kº, 1883. S.3-9.
Valitskiy A. Filosofiya prava russkogo liberalizma. M.: Mysl', 2012. S.84.

Review: The object of the research are the state transformations conducted in the Russian Empire in the beginning of XX century. In this respect the influence of the Western concept of the rule-of-law state has been evaluated. The author thoroughly examines internal essential characteristics of the rule-of-law state as the unity of four criterial complexes: ideological criterial complex (key significance of the rule of law principle in the state ideology), formal criterial complex (advanced legislation that consolidates a wide range of human rights and freedoms), practical criterial complex (real legislative execution and provision of rights and freedoms by effective guarantees of practical implementation), psychological criterial complex (high level of legal consciousness in the society, broad support of the rule of law principle among the population). Methodologically the research is based on the dialectic ontological method, complex of general (logical, historical, ascension from abstract to concrete thinking, etc.) and particular scientific methods (comparative legal studies, system structural analysis, explanation of laws, etc.). Scientific novelty of the study lies in the elaboration of a system of criterial complexes: ideological criterial complex, formal criterial complex, practical criterial complex, and psychological criterial complex for the evaluation of essential characteristics of a rule of law state. The article evaluates pre-revolutionary Russia with regard to its correspondence to the idea of the rule of law state using the elaborated system of criterial complexes. 

Keywords: rule-of-law state, pre-revolutionary Russia, constitutionalism, rule of Nicholas II, Manifesto, improvement of state order, criterial complexes, ideology, formalism, characteristics

References:
Vasil'ev A.A. Etiko-pravovaya kontseptsiya russkoy gosudarstvennosti P.E. Kazanskogo i N.A. Zakharova // Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i mestnoe samoupravlenie. 2012. ¹ 7.
Pis'ma Pobedonostseva Aleksandru III. M., 1925. T. 1. S. 249. Tsit. po: Puzdrach Yu.V. Istoriya rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. IX – XX vekov. SPb, 2004.
Sosnin S.A. Sushchnost' gosudarstvennoy vlasti v gosudarstvovedcheskoy kontseptsii rossiyskogo konservatizma kontsa XIX-pervoy poloviny XX vv. // Vestnik KGU im. N.A. Nekrasova. 2012. ¹ 5. S. 199.
Puzdrach Yu.V. Istoriya rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. IX – XX vekov. SPb, 2004. S. 433.
Khrestomatiya po istorii gosudarstva i prava Rossii / sost. Yu.P. Titov. 2-e izd. M., 2005.
Omel'chenko N.A. Istoriya gosudarstvennogo upravleniya v Rossii. M., 2011.
Lyubashits V.Ya. Evolyutsiya gosudarstva kak politiko-pravovogo instituta: Avtoref. diss. …dokt. yurid. nauk. Rostov-na-Donu, 2005.

References (transliteration):
Vasil'ev A.A. Etiko-pravovaya kontseptsiya russkoy gosudarstvennosti P.E. Kazanskogo i N.A. Zakharova // Gosudarstvennaya vlast' i mestnoe samoupravlenie. 2012. ¹ 7.
Pis'ma Pobedonostseva Aleksandru III. M., 1925. T. 1. S. 249. Tsit. po: Puzdrach Yu.V. Istoriya rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. IX – XX vekov. SPb, 2004.
Sosnin S.A. Sushchnost' gosudarstvennoy vlasti v gosudarstvovedcheskoy kontseptsii rossiyskogo konservatizma kontsa XIX-pervoy poloviny XX vv. // Vestnik KGU im. N.A. Nekrasova. 2012. ¹ 5. S. 199.
Puzdrach Yu.V. Istoriya rossiyskogo konstitutsionalizma. IX – XX vekov. SPb, 2004. S. 433.
Khrestomatiya po istorii gosudarstva i prava Rossii / sost. Yu.P. Titov. 2-e izd. M., 2005.
Omel'chenko N.A. Istoriya gosudarstvennogo upravleniya v Rossii. M., 2011.
Lyubashits V.Ya. Evolyutsiya gosudarstva kak politiko-pravovogo instituta: Avtoref. diss. …dokt. yurid. nauk. Rostov-na-Donu, 2005.

Review: Based on the analysis of published materials and archives of the Central Historical Archive of the City of Moscow (Document Storage Center till 1917), the author of the article examines the issues of state regulation of hotel business in pre-revolutionary Moscow. In his research Degtyarev analyzes the applicable legislation and problems associated with running a hotel in old Moscow, taxation, security, regulation of allowable additional services, etc. The main purpose of the research is to define the main task to be solved in the process of state regulation of hotel business. The methodological basis for the research involves the fundamental principles of historicism and objectivist. These principles allowed to view hotel business based on the analysis of documents and interaction with other phenomena. Having analyzed unpublished and practically never studied archives, Degtyarev concludes that in that period hotel business was under strict control and regulation of the government. The researcher proves that the government had the fiscal interest in the regulation of hotel business. The government needed regular cash proceeds from a developing and promising business both for the purposes of local self-government and state budget.

Keywords: hotels, furnished rooms, farmsteads, inns, taxes, restaurants, state regulation, local selfgovernment, pre-revolutionary Moscow, legislation.

References:
Obyazatel'noe postanovlenie Moskovskogo general-gubernatora dlya zhiteley goroda Moskvy ot 4 aprelya 1883 goda // Izvestiya Moskovskoy gorodskoy dumy.1883. Vyp. 4. S. 46.
Ob izdanii obyazatel'nykh postanovleniy o poryadke prodazhe krepkikh napitkov // TsKhD do 1917 g. F. 179 (Moskovskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie). Op. 2. D.2087.
Yakrin M. N. Putevoditel' po Moskve i okrestnostyam : s prilozheniem plana Moskvy, obshchey i tsentral'noy chastey. M.: red. "Ukazatelya puteshestviya po Rossii "Frum" i "Russkoy tipo-litografii", 1884. C. 424.
Obyazatel'nye postanovleniya dlya zhiteley g. Moskvy Moskovskoy gorodskoy dumoy /Spravochnaya kniga po Moskovskomu gorodskomu obshchestvennomu uprav-leniyu. M. : Moskovskoe gor. obshchestvennoe upravleniya, 1912. S. 44.
Savinov I. Ukazatel' goroda Moskvy. M. : Mosk. gor. stat. kom., 1866. C. 103.
Vsya Moskva: adresnaya i spravochnaya kniga. M. : Suvorin "Novoe vremya", 1912. S. 454.
Shchepkin M. P. O traktirnom promysle v Moskve // Izvestiya Moskovskoy Gorodskoy Dumy. 1881. Vyp. 8. S. 12.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (PSZRI). Sobranie Vtoroe. T.LXVIII. SPb. : V Tipografii II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. Kantselyarii, 1868. S. 89.
Tolkushkin A. V. Istoriya nalogov v Rossii. M. : Yurist', 2011. S. 47.
Zhukov V. I. Sotsial'naya istoriya Rossii. M.: Soyuz, 1999. S. 67.
O poryadke vzyskaniya nedoimok gorodskikh sborov s nesostoyatel'nykh lits. // TsKhD do 1917 g. F. 179 (Moskovskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie) . Op. 2. D.851. L. 7.
O razreshenii A. V. Shvetsovu otkryt' gostinitsu po Sofiyskoy i Bolotnoy ulitsam v Pyatnitskoy chasti g. Moskvy. // TsKhD do 1917 g. F. 179 (Moskovskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie) . Op. 2. D. 3261. L. 1.
O razreshenii N. M. Yurovu i I. V. Rodimtsevu otkryt' gostintsu po Tverskoy ulitse // TsKhD do 1917 g. F. 179 (Moskovskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie). Op. 2. D. 3360. L. 47.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (PSZRI). Sobranie Vtoroe. T. XXXVI. SPb. : V Tipografii II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. Kantselyarii, 1863. S. 40, 42, 44, 53, 69, 72, 80, 81, 85
Chernov V. A. Stanovlenie gostinichnogo dela na Dal'nem Vostoke: vtoraya polovina XIX-nachalo KhKh vv.: diss. ... kand. ist. nauk: 07.00.02. Khabarovsk, 2012. S. 9.
Istoriya predprinimatel'stva v Rossii. Vtoraya polovina XIX-nachalo KhKh veka / Pod red. Yu. A. Petrova. M.: Progress, 2000. S. 5.

References (transliteration):
Obyazatel'noe postanovlenie Moskovskogo general-gubernatora dlya zhiteley goroda Moskvy ot 4 aprelya 1883 goda // Izvestiya Moskovskoy gorodskoy dumy.1883. Vyp. 4. S. 46.
Ob izdanii obyazatel'nykh postanovleniy o poryadke prodazhe krepkikh napitkov // TsKhD do 1917 g. F. 179 (Moskovskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie). Op. 2. D.2087.
Yakrin M. N. Putevoditel' po Moskve i okrestnostyam : s prilozheniem plana Moskvy, obshchey i tsentral'noy chastey. M.: red. "Ukazatelya puteshestviya po Rossii "Frum" i "Russkoy tipo-litografii", 1884. C. 424.
Obyazatel'nye postanovleniya dlya zhiteley g. Moskvy Moskovskoy gorodskoy dumoy /Spravochnaya kniga po Moskovskomu gorodskomu obshchestvennomu uprav-leniyu. M. : Moskovskoe gor. obshchestvennoe upravleniya, 1912. S. 44.
Savinov I. Ukazatel' goroda Moskvy. M. : Mosk. gor. stat. kom., 1866. C. 103.
Vsya Moskva: adresnaya i spravochnaya kniga. M. : Suvorin "Novoe vremya", 1912. S. 454.
Shchepkin M. P. O traktirnom promysle v Moskve // Izvestiya Moskovskoy Gorodskoy Dumy. 1881. Vyp. 8. S. 12.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (PSZRI). Sobranie Vtoroe. T.LXVIII. SPb. : V Tipografii II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. Kantselyarii, 1868. S. 89.
Tolkushkin A. V. Istoriya nalogov v Rossii. M. : Yurist', 2011. S. 47.
Zhukov V. I. Sotsial'naya istoriya Rossii. M.: Soyuz, 1999. S. 67.
O poryadke vzyskaniya nedoimok gorodskikh sborov s nesostoyatel'nykh lits. // TsKhD do 1917 g. F. 179 (Moskovskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie) . Op. 2. D.851. L. 7.
O razreshenii A. V. Shvetsovu otkryt' gostinitsu po Sofiyskoy i Bolotnoy ulitsam v Pyatnitskoy chasti g. Moskvy. // TsKhD do 1917 g. F. 179 (Moskovskoe gorodskoe obshchestvennoe upravlenie) . Op. 2. D. 3261. L. 1.
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Review: The article is devoted to the theoretical grounds and historical aspects of the Russian bicameralism at the beginning of the 20th century. The author describes the role of the State Duma and State Council in a two-chamber system of government and evaluation of bicameralism by Russian constitutionalists. In his research the author studies the principles of organization and interaction of the State Duma and State Council as the two chambers of the legislative system. The author takes into account historical and political conditions of reformation of the state structure in Russia that infl uenced the creation of the fi rst two-chamber system of the Russian government. The author also discusses opinions of state reformers expressed at the meeting in the Tsarskoye Selo held on February 14 and 16 in 1906 regarding the principle of equal rights of the chambers and the role and importance of bicameralism for the Russian state and institution of monarchy. Based on the comparative legal and particular historical methods of analysis the author describes the main methods of forming the parliament chambers (especially the upper chambers) in the constitutional states t the beginning of the 20th century and specifi cs of the Russian monarchic bicameralism. The author comes to the conclusions that the Russian monarchic bicameralism was infl uenced by the negative attitude of liberals and progressive community towards establishing the State Council as the upper chamber. Political views of Kadets on the upper chamber created the negative public opinion on the State Council in Russia. This is the reason why the representatives of the liberal and socialist parties saw the State Duma as the body of the representation of people and therefore refused to recognize the representative nature of the State Council. Political destiny of the monarchic bicameralism s the fi rst bicameralism in Russia was important both as the constitutional experience of interaction between legislative chambers at the overall national level but nevertheless failed to be demanded for improvement of the state structure.

Keywords: Parliament, bicameralism, political responsibility, State Duma, State Council, equal rights of chambers, constitutional monarchy, monarchic bicameralism, reformation of the state structure, law-making process.

Contact information: Kravets Igor Alexandrovich, 630090, Russia, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk, Pirogova str. 2.

References:
S. V. Kodan. Popytki sozdaniya Osnovnykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii v politike, ideologii i yuridicheskoy praktike Rossiyskogo gosudarstva (XVIII – nachalo XIX vv.) // Pravo i politika. – 2012. – ¹ 3. – S. 104-107.
Kodan S.V. SISTEMA ZAKONODATEL'STVA V ROSSII: FORMIROVANIE, RAZVITIE, STANOVLENIE (IX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-4.-C. 239-293. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.4.436. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_436.html
Shelokhaev V.V. Liberal'naya model' pereustroystva Rossii. M., 1996.
Selunskaya N.B. Mekhanizm formirovaniya politicheskikh predstavleniy vyborshchikov v Rossii v nachale KhKh v. // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-5.-C. 190-220. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.5.654. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_654.html
Aleynikov A.V. Sistemnye konflikty v Rossii: kontseptual'nye osnovaniya analiza. Stat'ya II. // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-8.-C. 1-47. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.8.5109. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_5109.html
Shreyder D.I. Gosudarstvennyy stroy sovremennoy Yaponii // Politicheskiy stroy sovremennykh gosudarstv. T.II. SPb., 1906.
Milyukov P. God bor'by. SPb., 1907.
Gessen V.M. Russkaya konstitutsiya // Gessen V.M. Na rubezhe. SPb., 1906.
Kokoshkin F.F., Vysheslavtsev B.P. Avstro-Vengriya // Politicheskiy stroy sovremennykh gosudarstv. T.II. SPb., 1906.
Noveyshie preobrazovaniya russkogo gosudarstvennogo stroya. SPb., 1906.
Kokovtsov V.N. Iz moego proshlogo. Vospominaniya. 1903–1919 gg. Kniga vtoraya. M., 1992.
Gessen V.M. O dvukhpalatnoy sisteme // Pravo. 1906. ¹ 19. S.1726–1738; ¹ 31. S.2514–2525.
Uchrezhdenie Gosudarstvennogo soveta 1906 g. // Svod Zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. T.1. Ch.2. SPb., 1906.
Tsarskosel'skie soveshchaniya. Protokoly sekretnogo soveshchaniya v fevrale 1906 goda pod predsedatel'stvom byvshego imperatora po vyrabotke Uchrezhdeniy Gosudarstvennoy dumy i Gosudarstvennogo soveta. (14 i 16 fevralya 1906 g.) // Byloe.1917. ¹ 5–6.
Lazarevskiy N.I. Lektsii po russkomu gosudarstvennomu pravu. T.1. SPb., 1908.
Hosking G.A. Russian constitutional experiment: Government and Duma, 1907-1914. Cambridge, 1973.
Pokrovskiy M.N. Zemskiy sobor i parlament // Konstitutsionnoe gosudarstvo. Sb. statey. SPb., 1905. S.431–459.
Gessen V.M. Osnovy konstitutsionnogo prava. Izd. 2-e. Petrograd, 1918.
Bulakov O.N. Bikameral'naya struktura parlamenta (praktika i problemy zakonotvorchestva) // Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2006. ¹ 9. S. 9–12.
Yurtaeva E.A. Gosudarstvennyy Sovet v Rossii (1906–1917 gg.) // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 1996. ¹4. S. 145–152.
Yurtaeva E.A. Gosudarstvennyy sovet v Rossii. 1906-1917 gg. M.: Editorial URSS, 2011.
S.V. Kodan. Prezumptsii znaniya zakona v rossiyskom prave: formirovanie, zakreplenie, obespechenie (XVI – nachalo XX vv.) // Pravo i politika. – 2012. – ¹ 11. – S. 104-107.
Kodan S.V. Politiko-yuridicheskiy podkhod v issledovanii gosudarstvenno-pravovogo razvitiya Rossii (XIX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. — 2012.-¹ 2.-S.88-117. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2012.2.177. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_177.html
Kodan S.V., Fevralev S.A. MESTNOE PRAVO NATsIONAL'NYKh REGIONOV ROSSIYSKOY IMPERII: ISTOKI, MESTO V POLITIKE I IDELOGII, YuRIDIChESKAYa PRIRODA (vtoraya polovina XVII-nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2013.-¹ 2.-S.74-154. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.2.464. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_464.html
Kodan S.V. Soslovnoe zakonodatel'stvo v politike rossiyskoy verkhovnoy vlasti (1800-1850-e gg.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2012.-¹ 2.-S.117-145. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2012.2.152. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_152.html
Kodan S.V. Sozdanie Osnovnykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii v deyatel'nosti Komissii sostavleniya zakonov (1800-1820-e gg.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2012.-¹ 3.-S.149-175. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2012.3.167. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_167.html
Kodan S.V. SISTEMA ZAKONODATEL'STVA V ROSSII: FORMIROVANIE, RAZVITIE, STANOVLENIE (IX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. — 2013.-¹ 4.-S.239-293. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.4.436. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_436.html
Kodan S.V., Vladimirova G.E. Zakreplenie v Svode Osnovnykh gosudarstvennykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii 1832-1892 gg. izdaniya pravovogo polozheniya chlenov imperatorskogo doma // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2014.-¹ 5.-S.38-68. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2014.5.11587. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_11587.html
T. M. Bazhenova, S. V. Kodan. K 175-letiyu izdaniya Svoda zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii v pravovom razvitii Rossii. // Pravo i politika. – 2008. – ¹ 1.
Kodan S.V. Zarozhdenie istochnikovedeniya istorii gosudarstva i prava v otechestvennoy istoricheskoy nauke i pravovedenii (XVIII – nachalo XIX vv.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2014.-¹ 7.-S.48-65. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2014.7.12062. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_12062.htm
Selunskaya N.B. Mekhanizm formirovaniya politicheskikh predstavleniy vyborshchikov v Rossii v nachale KhKh v. // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. - 2013. - 5. - C. 190 - 220. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.5.654. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_654.html
Kodan S.V. SISTEMA ZAKONODATEL'STVA V ROSSII: FORMIROVANIE, RAZVITIE, STANOVLENIE (IX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. - 2013. - 4. - C. 239 - 293. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.4.436. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_436.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Politika pereseleniya naseleniya v Rossii nachala KhKh veka — metodologiya voprosa // Urbanistika. - 2013. - 1. - C. 31 - 72. DOI: 10.7256/2310-8673.2013.1.10383. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/urb/article_10383.html
Krasnyakov N.I. Modernizatsiya imperskikh institutov vlasti v Rossii XVIII – nachala XIX vv. // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. - 2013. - 10. - C. 149 - 174. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.10.9767. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_9767.html

References (transliteration):
S. V. Kodan. Popytki sozdaniya Osnovnykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii v politike, ideologii i yuridicheskoy praktike Rossiyskogo gosudarstva (XVIII – nachalo XIX vv.) // Pravo i politika. – 2012. – ¹ 3. – S. 104-107.
Kodan S.V. SISTEMA ZAKONODATEL'STVA V ROSSII: FORMIROVANIE, RAZVITIE, STANOVLENIE (IX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-4.-C. 239-293. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.4.436. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_436.html
Shelokhaev V.V. Liberal'naya model' pereustroystva Rossii. M., 1996.
Selunskaya N.B. Mekhanizm formirovaniya politicheskikh predstavleniy vyborshchikov v Rossii v nachale KhKh v. // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-5.-C. 190-220. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.5.654. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_654.html
Aleynikov A.V. Sistemnye konflikty v Rossii: kontseptual'nye osnovaniya analiza. Stat'ya II. // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-8.-C. 1-47. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.8.5109. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_5109.html
Shreyder D.I. Gosudarstvennyy stroy sovremennoy Yaponii // Politicheskiy stroy sovremennykh gosudarstv. T.II. SPb., 1906.
Milyukov P. God bor'by. SPb., 1907.
Gessen V.M. Russkaya konstitutsiya // Gessen V.M. Na rubezhe. SPb., 1906.
Kokoshkin F.F., Vysheslavtsev B.P. Avstro-Vengriya // Politicheskiy stroy sovremennykh gosudarstv. T.II. SPb., 1906.
Noveyshie preobrazovaniya russkogo gosudarstvennogo stroya. SPb., 1906.
Kokovtsov V.N. Iz moego proshlogo. Vospominaniya. 1903–1919 gg. Kniga vtoraya. M., 1992.
Gessen V.M. O dvukhpalatnoy sisteme // Pravo. 1906. ¹ 19. S.1726–1738; ¹ 31. S.2514–2525.
Uchrezhdenie Gosudarstvennogo soveta 1906 g. // Svod Zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. T.1. Ch.2. SPb., 1906.
Tsarskosel'skie soveshchaniya. Protokoly sekretnogo soveshchaniya v fevrale 1906 goda pod predsedatel'stvom byvshego imperatora po vyrabotke Uchrezhdeniy Gosudarstvennoy dumy i Gosudarstvennogo soveta. (14 i 16 fevralya 1906 g.) // Byloe.1917. ¹ 5–6.
Lazarevskiy N.I. Lektsii po russkomu gosudarstvennomu pravu. T.1. SPb., 1908.
Hosking G.A. Russian constitutional experiment: Government and Duma, 1907-1914. Cambridge, 1973.
Pokrovskiy M.N. Zemskiy sobor i parlament // Konstitutsionnoe gosudarstvo. Sb. statey. SPb., 1905. S.431–459.
Gessen V.M. Osnovy konstitutsionnogo prava. Izd. 2-e. Petrograd, 1918.
Bulakov O.N. Bikameral'naya struktura parlamenta (praktika i problemy zakonotvorchestva) // Konstitutsionnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. 2006. ¹ 9. S. 9–12.
Yurtaeva E.A. Gosudarstvennyy Sovet v Rossii (1906–1917 gg.) // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 1996. ¹4. S. 145–152.
Yurtaeva E.A. Gosudarstvennyy sovet v Rossii. 1906-1917 gg. M.: Editorial URSS, 2011.
S.V. Kodan. Prezumptsii znaniya zakona v rossiyskom prave: formirovanie, zakreplenie, obespechenie (XVI – nachalo XX vv.) // Pravo i politika. – 2012. – ¹ 11. – S. 104-107.
Kodan S.V. Politiko-yuridicheskiy podkhod v issledovanii gosudarstvenno-pravovogo razvitiya Rossii (XIX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. — 2012.-¹ 2.-S.88-117. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2012.2.177. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_177.html
Kodan S.V., Fevralev S.A. MESTNOE PRAVO NATsIONAL'NYKh REGIONOV ROSSIYSKOY IMPERII: ISTOKI, MESTO V POLITIKE I IDELOGII, YuRIDIChESKAYa PRIRODA (vtoraya polovina XVII-nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2013.-¹ 2.-S.74-154. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.2.464. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_464.html
Kodan S.V. Soslovnoe zakonodatel'stvo v politike rossiyskoy verkhovnoy vlasti (1800-1850-e gg.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2012.-¹ 2.-S.117-145. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2012.2.152. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_152.html
Kodan S.V. Sozdanie Osnovnykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii v deyatel'nosti Komissii sostavleniya zakonov (1800-1820-e gg.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2012.-¹ 3.-S.149-175. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2012.3.167. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_167.html
Kodan S.V. SISTEMA ZAKONODATEL'STVA V ROSSII: FORMIROVANIE, RAZVITIE, STANOVLENIE (IX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. — 2013.-¹ 4.-S.239-293. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.4.436. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_436.html
Kodan S.V., Vladimirova G.E. Zakreplenie v Svode Osnovnykh gosudarstvennykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii 1832-1892 gg. izdaniya pravovogo polozheniya chlenov imperatorskogo doma // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2014.-¹ 5.-S.38-68. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2014.5.11587. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_11587.html
T. M. Bazhenova, S. V. Kodan. K 175-letiyu izdaniya Svoda zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii v pravovom razvitii Rossii. // Pravo i politika. – 2008. – ¹ 1.
Kodan S.V. Zarozhdenie istochnikovedeniya istorii gosudarstva i prava v otechestvennoy istoricheskoy nauke i pravovedenii (XVIII – nachalo XIX vv.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2014.-¹ 7.-S.48-65. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2014.7.12062. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_12062.htm
Selunskaya N.B. Mekhanizm formirovaniya politicheskikh predstavleniy vyborshchikov v Rossii v nachale KhKh v. // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. - 2013. - 5. - C. 190 - 220. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.5.654. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_654.html
Kodan S.V. SISTEMA ZAKONODATEL'STVA V ROSSII: FORMIROVANIE, RAZVITIE, STANOVLENIE (IX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. - 2013. - 4. - C. 239 - 293. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.4.436. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_436.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Politika pereseleniya naseleniya v Rossii nachala KhKh veka — metodologiya voprosa // Urbanistika. - 2013. - 1. - C. 31 - 72. DOI: 10.7256/2310-8673.2013.1.10383. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/urb/article_10383.html
Krasnyakov N.I. Modernizatsiya imperskikh institutov vlasti v Rossii XVIII – nachala XIX vv. // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. - 2013. - 10. - C. 149 - 174. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.10.9767. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_9767.html

Review: The subject under review is the historical process of the genesis of criminal law in Ancient German tribes prior to the formation of the fi rst Barbarian kingdoms of the Merovingian epoch. The grounds for that genesis of law were the combination of socio-political and cultural-religious features of the seminomadic style of life and everyday life of Ancient Germans, their hostility, love for freedom and ‘the rule of force’. Peculiarities of community-based organizations and poetical mythopoetic refl ection of the surrounding world, combined as one whole, led to the formation of a completely different legal perception of Germans of the times of Caesar and Tacitus. The researcher uses the particular historical research method which is based on the analysis and scientifi c interpretation of historical and legal materials. Appearance of Ancient German tribes on the historical scene was caused by their migration and change of the territory which, in its turn, inevitably led to military collusions with the native population of conquered lands. This is where the rule of force comes from. The rule of force creates a special image of a warrior who underwent the initiation procedure and became a free legal entity. A captured enemy is an alien and not only an enemy but also a criminal who deserves the most severe punishment for showing resistance. The 'rule of force' and the 'right of war' are sanctioned by the supreme anthropomorphic gods who are close and understandable and therefore worthy of respect or blame. However, a heroic enemy sometimes can be worthy of respect too. The freedom of a legal entity is expressed in his right to fully participate in public life and decision making process regarding war and peace and justice. Even though the legal side of public life was not viewed as an individual sphere, it was invariant and at the same time simple and easy to understand for everyone. Legal customs were mostly formed by the social and political structure of the Ancient German society and at the same time they were inextricably entwined with religion which was susceptible to transformation, too. In many ways, the nature of the law genesis of Ancient Germans had a criminal law aspect because it was inseparably related to the solution of the most important issues (death, life, honor and blood feud) which had been initially referred to that sphere of legal regulation all over the world.

Keywords: law genesis, Ancient Germany, war, captive (prisoner), victim, Gauls, religion, mythology, opposition, Christianity.

Contact information: Georgievsky Eduard Viktorovich, 664082, Russia, Irkutsk, m-r Universitetsky, ul. Ulan-Batorskaya 10

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Zapiski Yuliya Tsezarya i ego prodolzhateley o gall'skoy voyne, o grazhdanskoy voyne, ob aleksandriyskoy voyne, ob afrikanskoy voyne: Per. i komment. M.M. Pokrovskogo. – M. – L.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1948. – 559 s.
Ivanov V.V., Toporov V.N. Drevnee slavyanskoe pravo: arkhaichnye mifopoeticheskie osnovy i istochniki v svete yazyka // Formirovanie rannefeodal'nykh slavyanskikh narodnostey. – M.: Nauka, 1981. – S. 10 – 31.
Iordan O proiskhozhdenii i deyaniyakh getov. Vstup. Stat'ya, perevod, komment. E.Ch. Skrzhinskoy / Iordan. – M.: Izd-vo vostochnoy literatury, 1960. – 435 s.
Istoriya Germanii: uchebnoe posobie. V 3 t. / Pod obshch. red. B. Bonvecha, Yu.V. Galaktionova. – M.: KDU, 2008. T. 1: S drevneyshikh vremen do sozdaniya Germanskoy imperii / Otv. red. S.A. Vasyutin, E.P. Glushanin. – 544 s.
Istoriya srednikh vekov: Pod red. A.D. Udal'tsova, E.A. Kosminskogo, O.L. Vanshteyna. T. 1. – M.: OGIZ, 1941. – 504 s.
Kovalev I.V. Ocherki istorii Germanii s drevneyshikh vremen do 1918 g. / I.V. Kovalev, M.A. Kogan, I.M. Krivouz, R.S. Mnukhina. – M.: Gos. uch.-ped. izd-vo Min. Pros. RSFSR, 1959. – 357 s.
Kolmykov P. O simvolizme prava voobshche i russkogo v osobennosti / P. Kolmykov. – SPb.: V tip. Karla Krayya, 1839.
Kosven M.O. Semeynaya obshchina i patronimiya / M.O. Kosven. – M.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1963. – 218 s.
Kotel'nikova L.A. Feodalizm i gorod v Italii v VIII – XV vekakh. Po materialam tsentral'nykh i severnykh oblastey: Otv. red. V.I. Rutenburg / L.A. Kotel'nikova. –M.: Nauka, 1987. – 253 s.
Kutorga M. Politicheskoe ustroystvo germantsev do shestogo stoletiya / M. Kutorga. – SPb.: Pechatano v tip. Kh. Gintse, 1837. – 115 s.
Lamprekht K. Istoriya germanskogo naroda. T. 1. Per. s nem. P. Nikolaeva / K. Lamprekht. – M.: Tipolitografiya V. Rikhter, 1894. – 608 s.
Lafitskiy V.I. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie v obrazakh prava. T. 1 / V.I. Lafitskiy. – M.: Statut, 2010. – 429 s.
Mal'tsev G.V. Kul'turnye traditsii prava: monografiya / G.V. Mal'tsev. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2013. – 608 s.
Meletinskiy E.M. «Edda» i rannie formy eposa / E.M. Meletinskiy. – M.: Nauka, 1968. – 363 s.
Pavlov-Sil'vanskiy N.P. Simvolizm v drevnem russkom prave // Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya. – 1905. – iyun' (chast' CCCLIX). – S. 339 – 365.
Petrushevskiy D.M. Ocherki iz istorii srednevekovogo obshchestva i gosudarstva / D.M. Petrushevskiy. – M.: Gos. izd-vo, 1922. – 298 s.
Sorokina E.A. Status sem'i u drevnikh germantsev (k probleme semanticheskoy rekonstruktsii) // Indoevropeyskoe yazykoznanie i klassicheskaya filologiya. – 2009. – T. XIII.-¹ 1. – S. 483 – 492.
Starshaya Edda. Drevneislandskie pesni o bogakh i geroyakh: Per. A.I. Korsuna; Red., vstupit. stat'ya i komment. M.I. Steblin-Kamenskogo. – M. – L.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1963. – 259 s.
Stefanovich P.S. Druzhinnyy stroy v Drevney Rusi i u drevnikh germantsev: sushchestvovala li klyatva vernosti vozhdyu (pravitelyu)? // Drevnyaya Rus'. Voprosy medievistiki. – 2008.-¹ 2.
Strabon Geografiya. V 17-ti knigakh: Pod obshch. red. S.L. Utchenko / Strabon. – L.: Izd-vo «Nauka», 1964. – 941 s.
Tatsit Korneliy Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1: Annaly. Malye proizvedeniya: Izd. podgot. A.S. Bobovich, Ya.M. Borovskiy, M.E. Sergeenko / Korneliy Tatsit. – L.: Izd-vo «Nauka», 1969. – 443 s.
Toporova T.V. Semanticheskaya struktura drevnegermanskoy modeli mira / T.V. Toporova. – M.: Radiks, 1994. – 190 s.
Turygin A.A. Formy legitimatsii korolevskoy vlasti v srednevekovoy germanskoy istorii // Vestnik rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. – 2010.-¹ 14. – S. 88 – 96.
Tsezar' Gay Yuliy Zapiski o voyne s gallami. Kniga 1: S vved. i komment. S.I. Sobolevskogo / Gay Yuliy Tsezar'. – M.: Izd-vo lit. na inostr. yazykakh, 1946. – 191 s.
Shalyutin B.S. Pravogenez kak faktor stanovleniya obshchestva i cheloveka // Voprosy filosofii. – 2011.-¹ 11. – S. 14 – 26.
Elize R. Chelovek i zemlya. T. 3: Drevnyaya i novaya istoriya: Per. s frants. P.Yu. Shmidta / R. Elize. – SPb.: Tip. Akts. Obshch. Brokgauz-Efron, 1907. – 622 s.
G. V. Stankevich Religioznye faktory v politike sovremennykh gosudarstv // Pravo i politika. - 2011. - 7. - C. 1096 - 1100.

References (transliteration):
Adam Bremenskiy, Gel'mol'd iz Bosau, Arnol'd Lyubekskiy Sla-vyanskie khroniki / Per. s lat. I.V. D'yakonova, L.V Razumovskiy, redaktor-sostavitel' I.A. Nastenko. – M.: «SPSL», «Russkaya panorama», 2011. – 584 s.
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Berner A. F. Uchebnik ugolovnogo prava: Chast' obshchaya. Chasti obshchaya i osobennaya: S primechaniyami, prilozheniyami i dopolneniyami po istorii russkogo prava i zakonodatel'stvu polozhitel'nomu. T. 1; Prim.: Neklyudov N. / A.F. Berner. – SPb.: Tip. N. Tiblena i komp., 1865. – 447 s.
Blok M. Feodal'noe obshchestvo: Per. s frants. M.Yu. Kozhevnikovoy / M. Blok. – M.: Izd-vo im. Sabashnikovykh, 2003. – 503 s.
Buslaev F. Istoricheskie ocherki russkoy narodnoy slovesnosti i iskusstva. T. 1 / F. Buslaev. – SPb.: V tip. tovarishchestva «Obshche-stvennaya pol'za», 1861. – 643 s.
Vvedenie v germanskuyu filologiyu: Uchebnik dlya filologicheskikh fakul'tetov / M.G. Arsen'eva i dr. – M.: GIS, 2000. – 314 s.
Gratsianskaya L.I. Strabon i ritorika // Vostochnaya Evropa v drevnosti i srednevekov'e. Problemy istochnikovedeniya. Chteniya pamyati chlena-korrespondenta AN SSSR V.T. Pashuto. Moskva, 18 – 20 aprelya 1990 g. – M.: In-t istorii AN SSSR, 1990. S. 39 – 40.
Gratsianskiy N.P. Iz sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy istorii zapadno-evropeyskogo srednevekov'ya. Sbornik statey / N.P. Gratsianskiy. – M.: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960. – 407 s.
Gurevich A.Ya. Dialektika sud'by u germantsev i drevnikh skandinavov // Mifologema zhenshchiny-sud'by u drevnikh kel'tov i germantsev. – M.: Indrik, 2005. S. 12 – 22.
Gurevich A.Ya. Kategorii srednevekovoy kul'tury / A.Ya. Gurevich. – M.: Iskusstvo, 1984. – 318 s.
Danilova G.M. Vozniknovenie feodal'nykh otnosheniy u frankov VI – VII vv. / G.M. Danilova. – Petrozavodsk: Gos. izd-vo Karel'skoy ASSR, 1969. – 260 s.
Del'bryuk G. Istoriya voennogo iskusstva v ramkakh politicheskoy istorii. T. 2: Germantsy / G. Del'bryuk. – SPb.: «Nauka», «Yuventa», 1999. – 352 s.
Drevnyaya Rus' v svete zarubezhnykh istochnikov: Uchebnoe posobie dlya studentov vuzov: Pod red. E.A. Mel'nikovoy. – M.: Izd. korporatsiya «Logos», 1999. – 608 s.
Dyumezil' Zh. Verkhovnye bogi indoevropeytsev. Per. s frants. T.V. Tsiv'yan / Zh. Dyumezil'. – M.: Glavnoe izdatel'stvo vostochnoy literatury izd-va «Nauka», 1986. – 234 s.
Zapiski Yuliya Tsezarya i ego prodolzhateley o gall'skoy voyne, o grazhdanskoy voyne, ob aleksandriyskoy voyne, ob afrikanskoy voyne: Per. i komment. M.M. Pokrovskogo. – M. – L.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1948. – 559 s.
Ivanov V.V., Toporov V.N. Drevnee slavyanskoe pravo: arkhaichnye mifopoeticheskie osnovy i istochniki v svete yazyka // Formirovanie rannefeodal'nykh slavyanskikh narodnostey. – M.: Nauka, 1981. – S. 10 – 31.
Iordan O proiskhozhdenii i deyaniyakh getov. Vstup. Stat'ya, perevod, komment. E.Ch. Skrzhinskoy / Iordan. – M.: Izd-vo vostochnoy literatury, 1960. – 435 s.
Istoriya Germanii: uchebnoe posobie. V 3 t. / Pod obshch. red. B. Bonvecha, Yu.V. Galaktionova. – M.: KDU, 2008. T. 1: S drevneyshikh vremen do sozdaniya Germanskoy imperii / Otv. red. S.A. Vasyutin, E.P. Glushanin. – 544 s.
Istoriya srednikh vekov: Pod red. A.D. Udal'tsova, E.A. Kosminskogo, O.L. Vanshteyna. T. 1. – M.: OGIZ, 1941. – 504 s.
Kovalev I.V. Ocherki istorii Germanii s drevneyshikh vremen do 1918 g. / I.V. Kovalev, M.A. Kogan, I.M. Krivouz, R.S. Mnukhina. – M.: Gos. uch.-ped. izd-vo Min. Pros. RSFSR, 1959. – 357 s.
Kolmykov P. O simvolizme prava voobshche i russkogo v osobennosti / P. Kolmykov. – SPb.: V tip. Karla Krayya, 1839.
Kosven M.O. Semeynaya obshchina i patronimiya / M.O. Kosven. – M.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1963. – 218 s.
Kotel'nikova L.A. Feodalizm i gorod v Italii v VIII – XV vekakh. Po materialam tsentral'nykh i severnykh oblastey: Otv. red. V.I. Rutenburg / L.A. Kotel'nikova. –M.: Nauka, 1987. – 253 s.
Kutorga M. Politicheskoe ustroystvo germantsev do shestogo stoletiya / M. Kutorga. – SPb.: Pechatano v tip. Kh. Gintse, 1837. – 115 s.
Lamprekht K. Istoriya germanskogo naroda. T. 1. Per. s nem. P. Nikolaeva / K. Lamprekht. – M.: Tipolitografiya V. Rikhter, 1894. – 608 s.
Lafitskiy V.I. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie v obrazakh prava. T. 1 / V.I. Lafitskiy. – M.: Statut, 2010. – 429 s.
Mal'tsev G.V. Kul'turnye traditsii prava: monografiya / G.V. Mal'tsev. – M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2013. – 608 s.
Meletinskiy E.M. «Edda» i rannie formy eposa / E.M. Meletinskiy. – M.: Nauka, 1968. – 363 s.
Pavlov-Sil'vanskiy N.P. Simvolizm v drevnem russkom prave // Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya. – 1905. – iyun' (chast' CCCLIX). – S. 339 – 365.
Petrushevskiy D.M. Ocherki iz istorii srednevekovogo obshchestva i gosudarstva / D.M. Petrushevskiy. – M.: Gos. izd-vo, 1922. – 298 s.
Sorokina E.A. Status sem'i u drevnikh germantsev (k probleme semanticheskoy rekonstruktsii) // Indoevropeyskoe yazykoznanie i klassicheskaya filologiya. – 2009. – T. XIII.-¹ 1. – S. 483 – 492.
Starshaya Edda. Drevneislandskie pesni o bogakh i geroyakh: Per. A.I. Korsuna; Red., vstupit. stat'ya i komment. M.I. Steblin-Kamenskogo. – M. – L.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1963. – 259 s.
Stefanovich P.S. Druzhinnyy stroy v Drevney Rusi i u drevnikh germantsev: sushchestvovala li klyatva vernosti vozhdyu (pravitelyu)? // Drevnyaya Rus'. Voprosy medievistiki. – 2008.-¹ 2.
Strabon Geografiya. V 17-ti knigakh: Pod obshch. red. S.L. Utchenko / Strabon. – L.: Izd-vo «Nauka», 1964. – 941 s.
Tatsit Korneliy Sochineniya v 2 t. T. 1: Annaly. Malye proizvedeniya: Izd. podgot. A.S. Bobovich, Ya.M. Borovskiy, M.E. Sergeenko / Korneliy Tatsit. – L.: Izd-vo «Nauka», 1969. – 443 s.
Toporova T.V. Semanticheskaya struktura drevnegermanskoy modeli mira / T.V. Toporova. – M.: Radiks, 1994. – 190 s.
Turygin A.A. Formy legitimatsii korolevskoy vlasti v srednevekovoy germanskoy istorii // Vestnik rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo gumanitarnogo universiteta. – 2010.-¹ 14. – S. 88 – 96.
Tsezar' Gay Yuliy Zapiski o voyne s gallami. Kniga 1: S vved. i komment. S.I. Sobolevskogo / Gay Yuliy Tsezar'. – M.: Izd-vo lit. na inostr. yazykakh, 1946. – 191 s.
Shalyutin B.S. Pravogenez kak faktor stanovleniya obshchestva i cheloveka // Voprosy filosofii. – 2011.-¹ 11. – S. 14 – 26.
Elize R. Chelovek i zemlya. T. 3: Drevnyaya i novaya istoriya: Per. s frants. P.Yu. Shmidta / R. Elize. – SPb.: Tip. Akts. Obshch. Brokgauz-Efron, 1907. – 622 s.
G. V. Stankevich Religioznye faktory v politike sovremennykh gosudarstv // Pravo i politika. - 2011. - 7. - C. 1096 - 1100.

Review: The author of the article analyzes the grounds for creation and development of neo-liberal political and legal doctrine as a synthesized ‘integral’ form of legal consciousness that is base on different ideological movements and schools being popular in Russia at the turn of XIXth – XXth centuries. The research article justifi es the author’s statement about co-existence of the three main branches of neo-liberalism: idealistic neo-liberalism, positivistic neo-liberalism and liberal socialism.

Keywords: legal studies, legal consciousness, integrated legal studies, neo-liberal political and legal doctrine, liberalism, school of restored natural law, religious metaphysics, legal positivism, social and psychological schools of law, social liberalism.

Contact information: Popova Anna Vladislavovna, 109559, Russia, Moscow, ul. Pererva 74 kv. 341.

References:
1. Antologii mirovoy pravovoy mysli. T. 3. [Tekst] – M., 1998.
2. Berman G.Dzh. Integrirovannaya yurisprudentsiya. [Tekst] / G. Dzh. Berman // Vera i zakon: primirenie prava i religii. – M., 1999. #3. Vasil'ev B.V. Filosofiya prava russkogo neoliberalizma kontsa XIX -nachala XX veka [Elektronnyy resurs] / B.V. Vasil'ev // Diss. ... dokt. filos. nauk: 09.00.03. – SPb.: RGB, 2006.
4. Grafskiy V.G. Integral'naya (obshchaya, sintezirovannaya) yurisprudentsiya kak teoreticheskoe i prakticheskoe znanie. [Tekst] / V.G. Grafskiy // Materialy filosofsko-pravovykh chteniy pamyati akademika V.S. Nersesyantsa «Nash trudnyy put' k pravu». – M., 2006. – S. 159.
5. Gessen V. K.K. Arsen'ev kak publitsist. [Tekst] / V. Gessen // Russkaya mysl'. – 1917. – ¹ 2.
6. Kistyakovskiy B.A. V zashchitu prava // Vekhi. Intelligentsiya v Rossii: Sborniki statey 1909 – 1910. [Tekst] / B.A. Kistyakovskiy – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1991.
7. Kozlikhin I.Yu. Integral'naya yurisprudentsiya: diskussionyye voprosy. [Tekst] / I.Yu. Kozlikhin // Filosofiya prava v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': Materialy tret'ikh filosof.-pravovykh chteniy pamyati akad. V.S. Nersesyantsa / Otv. red. V.G. Grafskiy. – M.: Norma, 2009. – S. 242-254.
8. Lazarev V.V. V.S. Nersesyants – predstavitel' integratsionnoy (sinteticheskoy) obshchey teorii prava. [Tekst] / V.V. Lazarev // Filosofiya prava v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': Materialy tret'ikh filosof.-pravovykh chteniy pamyati akad. V.S. Nersesyantsa / Otv. red. V.G. Grafskiy. – M.: Norma, 2009. – S. 262-270;
9. Lapaeva V.V. Integral'noe pravoponimanie v rossiyskoy teorii prava: istoriya i sovremennost'. [Tekst] / V.V. Lapaeva. // Zakonodatel'stvo i ekonomika. – 2008. – ¹ 5. – S. 6-7.
10. Novikova L., Sizemskaya I. Liberal'nye traditsii v kul'turno-istoricheskom opyte Rossii. [Tekst] / L. Novikova, I. Sizemskaya // Svobodnaya mysl'. – 1993. – ¹ 15. – S. 68-75.
11. Petrazhitskiy L.I. Vvedenie v izuchenie prava i nravstvennosti. Emotsional'naya psikhologiya. [Tekst] / L.I. Petrazhitskiy – SPb., 1907.
12. Struve P.B. Intelligentsiya i revolyutsiya // Vekhi. Intelligentsiya v Rossii: Sborniki statey 1909 – 1910. [Tekst] / P.B. Struve – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1991.
13. Tugan-Baranovskiy M.I. Sotsializm kak polozhitel'noe uchenie. [Tekst] / M.I. Tugan-Baranovskiy – Pg., 1918.
14. Frolova E.A. Metodologicheskie osnovy razgranicheniya kontseptsii pravoponimaniya. [Tekst] / E.A. Frolova // Gosudarstvo i pravo. – 2009. – ¹ 4.
15. Yashchenko A.S. Filosofiya prava Vladimira Solov'eva. Teoriya federalizma. Opyt sinteticheskoy teorii prava i gosudarstva. [Tekst] / A.S. Yashchenko – SPb., 1999. – S. 58.

References (transliteration):
1. Antologii mirovoy pravovoy mysli. T. 3. [Tekst] – M., 1998.
2. Berman G.Dzh. Integrirovannaya yurisprudentsiya. [Tekst] / G. Dzh. Berman // Vera i zakon: primirenie prava i religii. – M., 1999. #3. Vasil'ev B.V. Filosofiya prava russkogo neoliberalizma kontsa XIX -nachala XX veka [Elektronnyy resurs] / B.V. Vasil'ev // Diss. ... dokt. filos. nauk: 09.00.03. – SPb.: RGB, 2006.
4. Grafskiy V.G. Integral'naya (obshchaya, sintezirovannaya) yurisprudentsiya kak teoreticheskoe i prakticheskoe znanie. [Tekst] / V.G. Grafskiy // Materialy filosofsko-pravovykh chteniy pamyati akademika V.S. Nersesyantsa «Nash trudnyy put' k pravu». – M., 2006. – S. 159.
5. Gessen V. K.K. Arsen'ev kak publitsist. [Tekst] / V. Gessen // Russkaya mysl'. – 1917. – ¹ 2.
6. Kistyakovskiy B.A. V zashchitu prava // Vekhi. Intelligentsiya v Rossii: Sborniki statey 1909 – 1910. [Tekst] / B.A. Kistyakovskiy – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1991.
7. Kozlikhin I.Yu. Integral'naya yurisprudentsiya: diskussionyye voprosy. [Tekst] / I.Yu. Kozlikhin // Filosofiya prava v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': Materialy tret'ikh filosof.-pravovykh chteniy pamyati akad. V.S. Nersesyantsa / Otv. red. V.G. Grafskiy. – M.: Norma, 2009. – S. 242-254.
8. Lazarev V.V. V.S. Nersesyants – predstavitel' integratsionnoy (sinteticheskoy) obshchey teorii prava. [Tekst] / V.V. Lazarev // Filosofiya prava v Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost': Materialy tret'ikh filosof.-pravovykh chteniy pamyati akad. V.S. Nersesyantsa / Otv. red. V.G. Grafskiy. – M.: Norma, 2009. – S. 262-270;
9. Lapaeva V.V. Integral'noe pravoponimanie v rossiyskoy teorii prava: istoriya i sovremennost'. [Tekst] / V.V. Lapaeva. // Zakonodatel'stvo i ekonomika. – 2008. – ¹ 5. – S. 6-7.
10. Novikova L., Sizemskaya I. Liberal'nye traditsii v kul'turno-istoricheskom opyte Rossii. [Tekst] / L. Novikova, I. Sizemskaya // Svobodnaya mysl'. – 1993. – ¹ 15. – S. 68-75.
11. Petrazhitskiy L.I. Vvedenie v izuchenie prava i nravstvennosti. Emotsional'naya psikhologiya. [Tekst] / L.I. Petrazhitskiy – SPb., 1907.
12. Struve P.B. Intelligentsiya i revolyutsiya // Vekhi. Intelligentsiya v Rossii: Sborniki statey 1909 – 1910. [Tekst] / P.B. Struve – M.: Molodaya gvardiya, 1991.
13. Tugan-Baranovskiy M.I. Sotsializm kak polozhitel'noe uchenie. [Tekst] / M.I. Tugan-Baranovskiy – Pg., 1918.
14. Frolova E.A. Metodologicheskie osnovy razgranicheniya kontseptsii pravoponimaniya. [Tekst] / E.A. Frolova // Gosudarstvo i pravo. – 2009. – ¹ 4.
15. Yashchenko A.S. Filosofiya prava Vladimira Solov'eva. Teoriya federalizma. Opyt sinteticheskoy teorii prava i gosudarstva. [Tekst] / A.S. Yashchenko – SPb., 1999. – S. 58.

Review: The subject of the research is the process of formation of the institution of marriage in Ancient Rome. The author of the article carries out the analysis of definitive aspects of marriage in Roman social and legal life and studies particular factors and conditions of marital cohabitation. The author of the article also studies historical and legal aspects of the relation between the institution of iustum matrimonium (marriage in law) and manus in the Roman law, evolution of the role of woman in the system of marital relations, the significance of the institution of dowry (dos) for development of the system of marriage and family relations in ancient Rome and the development of procedures of formalization of legal marriage in ancient Rome. In his research the author uses the dialectic-materialistic philosophical method, general scientific methods (system, deductive and inductive analysis and synthesis, comparative and historical analysis). The author also uses special law methods (formal logical (dogmatic), comparative and historical law methods). Scientific novelty is the proof of the difference between legal constructions of manus and marriage based on new facts and data. Manus and marriage were two different phenomena of the Roman law. They appeared at different times and were aimed at solution of different social tasks. In this regard, the author of the article proves the thesis about manus being a complicated social construct of unlimited domination of a man over a woman for the purpose of economic benefits and exploitation of woman’s physical and childbearing features but not a special form of cohabitation of man and woman and historical prerequisite of a legal marriage.

Keywords: Roman marriage, confarreatio, dowry, iustum matrimonium, manus, cum manu, sine manu, conventio in manum, usus.

Contact information: Petrenko Denis Sergeevich, 117997, Russia, Moscow, Stremyanny per. 36.

References:
Gay. Institutsii / Per. s latinskogo F. Dydynskogo / Pod. red. V.A. Savel'eva, L.L. Kofanova. – M.: Yurist', 1997.
Giro P. Byt i nravy drevnikh rimlyan. – Smolensk: «Rusich», 2001.
Digesty Yustiniana / Per. s lat. I. S. Pereterskiy; Red. E. A. Skripilev. — M.: Nauka, 1984.
Institutsii Yustiniana. / Per. D. Rassnera. (Seriya «Pamyatniki rimskogo prava»).-M.: Zertsalo. 1998.
Kovalev S.I. Drevniy Rim / pod. obshch. red. E.D. Frolova. – SPb.: «Poligon», 2003.
Kouel F. Drevniy Rim. Byt, religiya, kul'tura / Per. s angl. O.D. Sidorovoy. – M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2006.
Kodeks kanonicheskogo prava — M.: Institut filosofii, teologii i istorii sv.Fomy, 2007.
Momzen T. Rimskaya Istoriya. Tom 1. per. Nevedomskiy. – M.: Izdanie K. T. Soldaten¬kova, 1887.
Sanfilippo Ch. Kurs rimskogo chastnogo prava / Per. s ital'yanskogo I.I. Makhan'kova. Pod. obshch. red. D.V. Dozhdeva. – M.: Norma, 2012.
Rulan N. Istoricheskoe vvedenie v pravo [gl. nauch. red. A.I.Kovler; komment. V.G.Butkevich; per.s fr. A.B.Voronov [i dr.].-M. : NOTA BENE, 2005.

References (transliteration):
Gay. Institutsii / Per. s latinskogo F. Dydynskogo / Pod. red. V.A. Savel'eva, L.L. Kofanova. – M.: Yurist', 1997.
Giro P. Byt i nravy drevnikh rimlyan. – Smolensk: «Rusich», 2001.
Digesty Yustiniana / Per. s lat. I. S. Pereterskiy; Red. E. A. Skripilev. — M.: Nauka, 1984.
Institutsii Yustiniana. / Per. D. Rassnera. (Seriya «Pamyatniki rimskogo prava»).-M.: Zertsalo. 1998.
Kovalev S.I. Drevniy Rim / pod. obshch. red. E.D. Frolova. – SPb.: «Poligon», 2003.
Kouel F. Drevniy Rim. Byt, religiya, kul'tura / Per. s angl. O.D. Sidorovoy. – M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2006.
Kodeks kanonicheskogo prava — M.: Institut filosofii, teologii i istorii sv.Fomy, 2007.
Momzen T. Rimskaya Istoriya. Tom 1. per. Nevedomskiy. – M.: Izdanie K. T. Soldaten¬kova, 1887.
Sanfilippo Ch. Kurs rimskogo chastnogo prava / Per. s ital'yanskogo I.I. Makhan'kova. Pod. obshch. red. D.V. Dozhdeva. – M.: Norma, 2012.
Rulan N. Istoricheskoe vvedenie v pravo [gl. nauch. red. A.I.Kovler; komment. V.G.Butkevich; per.s fr. A.B.Voronov [i dr.].-M. : NOTA BENE, 2005.

Review: The author of the article raises very important issues of legal regulation of Russian drugstore activities aimed at profi t earning. Based on analyzed archive documents and regulatory acts of the Russian Empire, the author describes the process of formation of the mechanism of legal regulation at the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. The purpose of that legal mechanism was, on the one hand, to provide timely pharmaceutical aid to population, and, on the other hand, to protect private drugstore business from wasting competition. Special attention is paid to the Law of 1912 on Some Changes in the Procedure of Opening a Drugstore. The author proves the need in accepting this law and analyzes the contents, peculiarities and diffi culties of the implementation process and outlines the main problems of co-existence of private drugstores and public drugstores.

Keywords: legal studies, pharmacy monopoly, privileges, formation of corporation without licensing or registration required for their validity, medicine, rate, municipal government authorities, district council, interpretation of laws.

Contact information: Zholobova Galina Alekseevna, 123995, Russia, Moscow,, ul. Sadovoya-Kudrinskaya 9

Review: The article is devoted to one of the problems raised in neo-liberal political-legal doctrine of Russia at late XIX – early XX centuries. The structure of Russian neo-liberalism traditionally has an idealistic and positivistic trends, each of them has their own opinion of legal consciousness and future mechanism of government. The author of the present article analyzes views expressed by the followers of Russian neo-liberalism at the turn of XIX – XX centuries on identifi cation of Russia as a civilization. It has been conclude that Russia was regarded as a special form of civilization that was based on the combination of Western European and Eastern features.

Keywords: legal studies, type of civilization, neo-liberalism, slavophiles, Westerners, developmental place, theory of borrowing, political-legal thought, Eurasia, liberalism.

References:
1. Akhiezer A.C., Il'in V.V. Rossiyskaya tsivilizatsiya: soderzhanie, granitsy, vozmozhnosti. Teoreticheskaya politologiya: mir Rossii i Rossiya v mire. [Tekst] / A.S. Akhiezer, V.V. Il'in. - M. : Izdatel'stvo MGU, 2000. - 300 s.
2. Viktor Shapovalov Rossiyskaya tsivilizatsiya. [Elektronnyy resurs] // URL : http://www.filgrad.ru/texts3/shapovalov3.htm (data obrashcheniya 15.08.2012.); Lubskiy A.V. Rossiya kak tsivilizatsiya. [Elektronnyy resurs] // URL : https://sites.google.com/site/civilizacium/home/civilizacium/rossijskaa-civilizacia (data obrashcheniya 15.08.2012) i t.d.
3. Danilevskiy N.Ya. Rossiya i Evropa. [Tekst] / N.Ya. Danilevskiy. - Gl. IV, V. - M., 1996. // URL : http://monarhiya.narod.ru/DNY/dny-list.htm (data obrashcheniya 16.08.2012.).
4. Leont'ev K.N. Vizantizm i slavyanstvo. [Tekst] / K.N. Leont'ev. // Leont'ev Konstantin. Izbrannoe. - M. : Izdatel'stvo AST, 2007. // URL : http: perspektivy.info›print.php?ID=35874 (data obrashcheniya 15.02.2013).
5. Milyukov P.N. Istochniki russkoy istorii i russkaya istoriografiya. [Tekst] / P.N. Milyukov // Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. - T. XXVIII. - SPb., 1899. - S. 440.
6. Popova A.V. Neoliberalizm v Rossii. [Tekst] / A.V. Popova. - M. : GUZ, 2005. – 122 s.
7. Problemy idealizma Sbornik statey. / Pod red. P.I. Novgorodtseva. [Tekst] – M. : Izdanie Moskovskogo Psikhologicheskogo Obshchestva, 1902. – S. 23.
8. Rossiya mezhdu Evropoy i Aziey: evraziyskiy soblazn. [Tekst] - M. : Nauka, 1993. - S. 217—218.
9. Solov'ev V.S. Opravdanie dobra (Nravstvennaya filosofiya). [Tekst] / V.S. Solov'ev - T. 1 // URL : http://lib.rus.ec (data obrashcheniya 17.09.2012.).
10. Tugan-Baranovskiy M.I. Kant i Marks (po povodu russkogo perevoda sbornika stat'ey Forlendera o Kante i Markse) [Tekst] / M.I. Tugan-Baranovskiy. // M.I. Tugan-Bara

References (transliteration):
1. Akhiezer A.C., Il'in V.V. Rossiyskaya tsivilizatsiya: soderzhanie, granitsy, vozmozhnosti. Teoreticheskaya politologiya: mir Rossii i Rossiya v mire. [Tekst] / A.S. Akhiezer, V.V. Il'in. - M. : Izdatel'stvo MGU, 2000. - 300 s.
2. Viktor Shapovalov Rossiyskaya tsivilizatsiya. [Elektronnyy resurs] // URL : http://www.filgrad.ru/texts3/shapovalov3.htm (data obrashcheniya 15.08.2012.); Lubskiy A.V. Rossiya kak tsivilizatsiya. [Elektronnyy resurs] // URL : https://sites.google.com/site/civilizacium/home/civilizacium/rossijskaa-civilizacia (data obrashcheniya 15.08.2012) i t.d.
3. Danilevskiy N.Ya. Rossiya i Evropa. [Tekst] / N.Ya. Danilevskiy. - Gl. IV, V. - M., 1996. // URL : http://monarhiya.narod.ru/DNY/dny-list.htm (data obrashcheniya 16.08.2012.).
4. Leont'ev K.N. Vizantizm i slavyanstvo. [Tekst] / K.N. Leont'ev. // Leont'ev Konstantin. Izbrannoe. - M. : Izdatel'stvo AST, 2007. // URL : http: perspektivy.info›print.php?ID=35874 (data obrashcheniya 15.02.2013).
5. Milyukov P.N. Istochniki russkoy istorii i russkaya istoriografiya. [Tekst] / P.N. Milyukov // Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'. - T. XXVIII. - SPb., 1899. - S. 440.
6. Popova A.V. Neoliberalizm v Rossii. [Tekst] / A.V. Popova. - M. : GUZ, 2005. – 122 s.
7. Problemy idealizma Sbornik statey. / Pod red. P.I. Novgorodtseva. [Tekst] – M. : Izdanie Moskovskogo Psikhologicheskogo Obshchestva, 1902. – S. 23.
8. Rossiya mezhdu Evropoy i Aziey: evraziyskiy soblazn. [Tekst] - M. : Nauka, 1993. - S. 217—218.
9. Solov'ev V.S. Opravdanie dobra (Nravstvennaya filosofiya). [Tekst] / V.S. Solov'ev - T. 1 // URL : http://lib.rus.ec (data obrashcheniya 17.09.2012.).
10. Tugan-Baranovskiy M.I. Kant i Marks (po povodu russkogo perevoda sbornika stat'ey Forlendera o Kante i Markse) [Tekst] / M.I. Tugan-Baranovskiy. // M.I. Tugan-Bara

Review: The author of the article raises very important issues of Russian legal regulation of drugstores and their profit activities. Based on the analysis of archive documents and regulatory acts that had been created since 1881 till 1912 in the Russian Empire, the author of the article describes the formation of legal regulation in this sphere. The purpose of such legal regulation, on one hand, was the provision of timely pharmaceutical aid to population, and on the other hand, protection of private drugstore business from wasting competition. The author of the article defi nes particular problems that arose between private drugstores and social drugstores and cover all stages of legal regulation of drugstore business back in those times. The author explains why such regulatory acts were needed and what provisions they contained.

Keywords: legal studies, pharmaceutics, drugstore, legislation, Doctor’s Charter, pills, sale, production, zemstvo (district council), pharmacist.

Contact information: Zholobova Galina Alekseevna, 460000, Russia, Orenburg, ul. Komsomolskaya 50.

References:
1. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv (RGIA). Fond 1294 (Meditsinskiy Sovet pri MVD). Op. 10. D. 1711 «Po voprosu ob otmene postanovleniya Minskogo Gubernskogo Komiteta po delam zemskogo khozyaystva o besplatnom otpuske lekarstv».
2. RGIA. F. 1297 (Meditsinskiy Departament MVD). Op. 156. D. 220. «O nerazreshenii besplatnogo otpuska iz zemskikh aptek lekarstv vsem litsam, vkhodyashchim v sostav Akhtyrskogo zemstva v Khar'kovskoy Gubernii»
3. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 257 «Po pros'be vdovy provizora Varvary Kensberg, soderzhatel'nitsy apteki v g. Buge, Kostromskoy gubernii, o vmenenii Bugskoy Zemskoy Upravy v obyazannost' rukovodstvovat'sya pri besplatnom otpuske lekarstv iz zemskoy bol'nichnoy apteki sushchestvuyushchimi postanovleniyami», 1882 g.
4. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 277 «Po otnosheniyu Tul'skogo Gubernatora ob oprotestovanii im postanovleniya Kashirskogo Uezdnogo zemskogo Sobraniya o vydache iz zemskoy apteki besplatno medikamentov vsem bol'nym bez isklyucheniya», 1883 g.
5. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 335 «Po soobshchennomu Kostromskim Gubernatorom khodataystvu Kostromskogo Gubernskogo Zemskogo Sobraniya ob otmene aptekarskoy monopolii v vidu togo, chto aptekari yavlyayutsya ekspluatatorami naroda», 1883 g.
6. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 375 «Po predstavleniyu Voronezhskogo Gubernatora, s khodataystvom Voronezhskogo Gubernskogo Zemskogo Sobraniya, ob unichtozhenii aptekarskikh privilegiy», 1883 g.
7. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 386. «Po Pros'be Prov. Kondrata Sherninga o vospreshchenii Irbitskomu zemstvu otpuskat' iz zemskoy bol'nichnoy apteki v g. Irbite lekarstva besplatno vsem zhitelyam bez razlichiya sostoyaniya (Permskaya gub.)», 1885 g.
8. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 157. D. 150 «Po predstavlennomu Kurskim Gubernatorom khodataystvu Kurskogo Gubernskogo zemskogo sobraniya o razreshenii zemstvu, bude pozhelaet, otkryvat' v gorodakh apteki naryadu s sushchestvuyushchimi. Zdes' zhe o napechatanii v «Vestnike Sudebnoy meditsiny i Obshchestvennoy gigieny» stat'i «o predostavlenii zemstvu prava uchrezhdat' apteki», 1887 g.
9. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 158. D. 11 «Po predstavlennomu Kurskim gubernatorom khodataystvu Kurskogo Gubernskogo Zemskogo Sobraniya o predostavlenii zemstvu prava otkryvat' apteki, gde ono naydet eto nuzhnym», 1891 g.
10. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 158. D. 14 «Po predstavlennomu Poltavskim gubernatorom khodataystvu Prilutskogo uezdnogo zemskogo sobraniya ob otmene aptechnykh privilegiy», 1891 g.
11. RGIA. F. 1298 (Upravlenie glavnogo vrachebnogo inspektora MVD). Op. 1. D. 1797. L. 5.
12. RGIA. F. 1298. Op. 1. D. 1889.
13. RGIA. F. 1298 Op. 44. D. 591.
14. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie vtoroe (PSZ – II). T. XLVIII. Otdelenie II. ¹ 52611. «O pravilakh otkrytiya aptek». S. 233 – 234.
15. 10. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie tret'e (PSZ – III). T. I. ¹ 511. S. 341.
16. PSZ – III. T. I. (Shtaty i tabeli). ¹ 511. S. 143 – 146.
17. PSZ – III. T. XXIV. ¹ 24253. Vysochayshe utverzhdennye Polozheniya: I. O Sovete i Glavnom Upravlenii po delam mestnogo khozyaystva v sostave Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del i II. Ob Upravlenii Glavnogo Vrachebnogo Inspektora Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del. S. 277 – 285.
18. PSZ – III. T. XXIV. ¹ 24254. Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe Polozhenie o Meditsinskom Sovete ot 22 marta 1904 g. S. 285 – 288.
19. Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (SZRI). Ustav Vrachebnyy. T. XIII. (Izdanie 1905 goda), st. 353 s Primechaniem 1. SPb. 1905. S. 73.
20. Sobranie uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy Pravitel'stva, izdavaemoe pri Pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate (SURP). 1906. Otdel 1. Pervoe polugodie. SPb, 1906. S. 722 – 723.
21. SURP 1882 g. ¹ 39, st. 231.
22. SURP, 1890 g., ¹ 18, st. 162.
23. Apteki, aptekarskie magaziny i torgovlya lekarstvennymi veshchestvami (sbornik zakonov i resheniy Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata ob uchrezhdenii aptek, aptekarskikh magazinov, khimicheskikh laboratoriy i o torgovle yadovitymi i sil'nodeystvuyushchimi veshchestvami). M., 1910.
24. Vybornova M. A. Deyatel'nost' meditsinskikh struktur po obsluzhivaniyu naseleniya rossiyskoy provintsii vo vtoroy polovine XIX – nachale XX veka (na materialakh Samarskoy gubernii). Diss… k. i. n. Samara, 2006.
25. Zholobova G. A. Pravovoe regulirovanie kommercheskoy farmatsevticheskoy deyatel'nosti v poreformennoy Rossii 1881–1913 gg. // Pravovedenie. SPb., 2012. ¹ 1. S. 95 – 129.
26. K voprosu o reforme aptechnogo dela v Rossii. Mneniya i soobrazheniya Odesskogo farmatsevticheskogo obshchestva. M., 1902.
27. Koroteeva N. N. Aptechnoe delo v Kurskoy gubernii v seredine XIX – nachale XX v. Diss…k.i.n. Kursk, 2004.
28. Muratov G. V. Novyy farmatsevticheskiy ustav po proektu Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del. SPb., 1912.
29. Nezhdanov V. Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy 12 fevralya 1912 goda zakon «O nekotorykh izmeneniyakh v poryadke otkrytiya aptek», zakonodatel'nye motivy i postateynye raz'yasneniya i nashe aptechnoe zakonodatel'stvo. SPb., 1912.
30. Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Tolkovyy slovar' russkogo yazyka. M., 2003.
31. Salo V. M. Istoriya farmatsii v Rossii. M., 2007.
32. Sbornik zakonopolozheniy i pravitel'stvennykh postanovleniy dlya farmatsevtov, chastnykh i obshchestvennykh aptek, aptekarskikh magazinov, fabrik i laboratoriy farmatsevticheskikh preparatov, zavedeniy iskusstvennykh mineral'nykh vod i prochikh predpriyatiy farmatsevticheskoy promyshlennosti. Sost. V. L. Leventon. 2-e izd. SPb., 1913.
33. Sbornik zakonopolozheniy po farmatsevticheskoy chasti, izvlechennyy iz Svoda Zakonov, Polnogo Sobraniya Zakonov i Sobraniya Uzakoneniy i Rasporyazheniy Pravitel'stva (Spravochnaya kniga dlya farmatsevtov, chinov vrachebnykh upravleniy, drogistov i vrachey). Sost. O.P.Filippov. M., 1897.
34. Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Vse 16 tomov so vsemi otnosyashchimisya k nim prodolzheniyami v odnoy knige. Pod red. F. Volkova, Yu. D. Filippova. SPb., 1900. T. XIII. (Izdanie 1892 g.). Ustav Vrachebnyy.
35. Svod uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy pravitel'stva po vrachebnoy i sanitarnoy chasti v imperii. SPb., 1897 – 1898. S. 117.
36. Udintsev V. Russkoe Torgovo-Promyshlennoe pravo. Kiev, 1907.
37. Tsvetkova A. A. Organizatsiya lekarstvennoy pomoshchi naseleniyu Nizhegorodskoy oblasti (istoricheskiy aspekt). Farmatsevticheskoe delo v Nizhegorodskoy gubernii v XVIII – nachale XX vekov [WWW-dokument]// http://www.pharmnn.ru/history/historydorev/ (2011. 20 maya).

References (transliteration):
1. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv (RGIA). Fond 1294 (Meditsinskiy Sovet pri MVD). Op. 10. D. 1711 «Po voprosu ob otmene postanovleniya Minskogo Gubernskogo Komiteta po delam zemskogo khozyaystva o besplatnom otpuske lekarstv».
2. RGIA. F. 1297 (Meditsinskiy Departament MVD). Op. 156. D. 220. «O nerazreshenii besplatnogo otpuska iz zemskikh aptek lekarstv vsem litsam, vkhodyashchim v sostav Akhtyrskogo zemstva v Khar'kovskoy Gubernii»
3. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 257 «Po pros'be vdovy provizora Varvary Kensberg, soderzhatel'nitsy apteki v g. Buge, Kostromskoy gubernii, o vmenenii Bugskoy Zemskoy Upravy v obyazannost' rukovodstvovat'sya pri besplatnom otpuske lekarstv iz zemskoy bol'nichnoy apteki sushchestvuyushchimi postanovleniyami», 1882 g.
4. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 277 «Po otnosheniyu Tul'skogo Gubernatora ob oprotestovanii im postanovleniya Kashirskogo Uezdnogo zemskogo Sobraniya o vydache iz zemskoy apteki besplatno medikamentov vsem bol'nym bez isklyucheniya», 1883 g.
5. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 335 «Po soobshchennomu Kostromskim Gubernatorom khodataystvu Kostromskogo Gubernskogo Zemskogo Sobraniya ob otmene aptekarskoy monopolii v vidu togo, chto aptekari yavlyayutsya ekspluatatorami naroda», 1883 g.
6. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 375 «Po predstavleniyu Voronezhskogo Gubernatora, s khodataystvom Voronezhskogo Gubernskogo Zemskogo Sobraniya, ob unichtozhenii aptekarskikh privilegiy», 1883 g.
7. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 156. D. 386. «Po Pros'be Prov. Kondrata Sherninga o vospreshchenii Irbitskomu zemstvu otpuskat' iz zemskoy bol'nichnoy apteki v g. Irbite lekarstva besplatno vsem zhitelyam bez razlichiya sostoyaniya (Permskaya gub.)», 1885 g.
8. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 157. D. 150 «Po predstavlennomu Kurskim Gubernatorom khodataystvu Kurskogo Gubernskogo zemskogo sobraniya o razreshenii zemstvu, bude pozhelaet, otkryvat' v gorodakh apteki naryadu s sushchestvuyushchimi. Zdes' zhe o napechatanii v «Vestnike Sudebnoy meditsiny i Obshchestvennoy gigieny» stat'i «o predostavlenii zemstvu prava uchrezhdat' apteki», 1887 g.
9. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 158. D. 11 «Po predstavlennomu Kurskim gubernatorom khodataystvu Kurskogo Gubernskogo Zemskogo Sobraniya o predostavlenii zemstvu prava otkryvat' apteki, gde ono naydet eto nuzhnym», 1891 g.
10. RGIA. F. 1297. Op. 158. D. 14 «Po predstavlennomu Poltavskim gubernatorom khodataystvu Prilutskogo uezdnogo zemskogo sobraniya ob otmene aptechnykh privilegiy», 1891 g.
11. RGIA. F. 1298 (Upravlenie glavnogo vrachebnogo inspektora MVD). Op. 1. D. 1797. L. 5.
12. RGIA. F. 1298. Op. 1. D. 1889.
13. RGIA. F. 1298 Op. 44. D. 591.
14. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie vtoroe (PSZ – II). T. XLVIII. Otdelenie II. ¹ 52611. «O pravilakh otkrytiya aptek». S. 233 – 234.
15. 10. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie tret'e (PSZ – III). T. I. ¹ 511. S. 341.
16. PSZ – III. T. I. (Shtaty i tabeli). ¹ 511. S. 143 – 146.
17. PSZ – III. T. XXIV. ¹ 24253. Vysochayshe utverzhdennye Polozheniya: I. O Sovete i Glavnom Upravlenii po delam mestnogo khozyaystva v sostave Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del i II. Ob Upravlenii Glavnogo Vrachebnogo Inspektora Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del. S. 277 – 285.
18. PSZ – III. T. XXIV. ¹ 24254. Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe Polozhenie o Meditsinskom Sovete ot 22 marta 1904 g. S. 285 – 288.
19. Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (SZRI). Ustav Vrachebnyy. T. XIII. (Izdanie 1905 goda), st. 353 s Primechaniem 1. SPb. 1905. S. 73.
20. Sobranie uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy Pravitel'stva, izdavaemoe pri Pravitel'stvuyushchem Senate (SURP). 1906. Otdel 1. Pervoe polugodie. SPb, 1906. S. 722 – 723.
21. SURP 1882 g. ¹ 39, st. 231.
22. SURP, 1890 g., ¹ 18, st. 162.
23. Apteki, aptekarskie magaziny i torgovlya lekarstvennymi veshchestvami (sbornik zakonov i resheniy Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata ob uchrezhdenii aptek, aptekarskikh magazinov, khimicheskikh laboratoriy i o torgovle yadovitymi i sil'nodeystvuyushchimi veshchestvami). M., 1910.
24. Vybornova M. A. Deyatel'nost' meditsinskikh struktur po obsluzhivaniyu naseleniya rossiyskoy provintsii vo vtoroy polovine XIX – nachale XX veka (na materialakh Samarskoy gubernii). Diss… k. i. n. Samara, 2006.
25. Zholobova G. A. Pravovoe regulirovanie kommercheskoy farmatsevticheskoy deyatel'nosti v poreformennoy Rossii 1881–1913 gg. // Pravovedenie. SPb., 2012. ¹ 1. S. 95 – 129.
26. K voprosu o reforme aptechnogo dela v Rossii. Mneniya i soobrazheniya Odesskogo farmatsevticheskogo obshchestva. M., 1902.
27. Koroteeva N. N. Aptechnoe delo v Kurskoy gubernii v seredine XIX – nachale XX v. Diss…k.i.n. Kursk, 2004.
28. Muratov G. V. Novyy farmatsevticheskiy ustav po proektu Ministerstva Vnutrennikh Del. SPb., 1912.
29. Nezhdanov V. Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy 12 fevralya 1912 goda zakon «O nekotorykh izmeneniyakh v poryadke otkrytiya aptek», zakonodatel'nye motivy i postateynye raz'yasneniya i nashe aptechnoe zakonodatel'stvo. SPb., 1912.
30. Ozhegov S. I., Shvedova N. Yu. Tolkovyy slovar' russkogo yazyka. M., 2003.
31. Salo V. M. Istoriya farmatsii v Rossii. M., 2007.
32. Sbornik zakonopolozheniy i pravitel'stvennykh postanovleniy dlya farmatsevtov, chastnykh i obshchestvennykh aptek, aptekarskikh magazinov, fabrik i laboratoriy farmatsevticheskikh preparatov, zavedeniy iskusstvennykh mineral'nykh vod i prochikh predpriyatiy farmatsevticheskoy promyshlennosti. Sost. V. L. Leventon. 2-e izd. SPb., 1913.
33. Sbornik zakonopolozheniy po farmatsevticheskoy chasti, izvlechennyy iz Svoda Zakonov, Polnogo Sobraniya Zakonov i Sobraniya Uzakoneniy i Rasporyazheniy Pravitel'stva (Spravochnaya kniga dlya farmatsevtov, chinov vrachebnykh upravleniy, drogistov i vrachey). Sost. O.P.Filippov. M., 1897.
34. Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Vse 16 tomov so vsemi otnosyashchimisya k nim prodolzheniyami v odnoy knige. Pod red. F. Volkova, Yu. D. Filippova. SPb., 1900. T. XIII. (Izdanie 1892 g.). Ustav Vrachebnyy.
35. Svod uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy pravitel'stva po vrachebnoy i sanitarnoy chasti v imperii. SPb., 1897 – 1898. S. 117.
36. Udintsev V. Russkoe Torgovo-Promyshlennoe pravo. Kiev, 1907.
37. Tsvetkova A. A. Organizatsiya lekarstvennoy pomoshchi naseleniyu Nizhegorodskoy oblasti (istoricheskiy aspekt). Farmatsevticheskoe delo v Nizhegorodskoy gubernii v XVIII – nachale XX vekov [WWW-dokument]// http://www.pharmnn.ru/history/historydorev/ (2011. 20 maya).

Review: Most of Russian modern legal provisions about tax crime were formed during the Soviet period. Their further developed was conditioned by changing social and economic living conditions. This is the topic the present article is devoted to.

Keywords: law studies, legislation, formation, development, taxes, levies, responsibility, production, taxpayer, taxation.

References:
1. Vladimirov V.A., Lyapunov Yu.I. Otvetstvennost' za korystnye posyagatel'stva na sotsialisticheskuyu sobstvennost' / V.A. Vladimirov, Yu.I. Lyapunov. – M., 1986.
2. Volzhenkin B.V. Prestupleniya v sfere ekonomicheskoy deyatel'nosti po ugolovnomu pravu Rossii / B.V. Volzhenkin. – SPb, 2007.
3. Volzhenkin B. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za nalogovye prestupleniya / B. Volzhenkin // Zakonnost'. – 1994. - ¹1.
4. Glebov D.A., Rolik A.I. Nalogovye prestupleniya i nalogovaya prestupnost' / D.A. Glebov, A.I. Rolik. – SPb, 2005.
5. Kashubin D.Yu. Nalogovye prestupleniya v ugolovnom prave Rossii: Avtoref. dis. … kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. – M., 2002.
6. Kucherov I.I. Nalogovye prestupleniya. – M., 1997. – S.29.
7. Solov'ev I.N. Realizatsiya ugolovnoy politiki Rossii v sfere nalogovykh prestupleniy: problemy i perspektivy: Dis. … doktora yuridicheskikh nauk. – M., 2004.
8. Solov'ev I.N. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za uklonenie ot uplaty nalogov i sborov. – M., 2000.
9. Strel'tsov V.L. Ugolovno-pravovaya bor'ba s netrudovymi dokhodami / V.L. Strel'tsov. – Kiev, 1988.
10. Timoshina T.M. Ekonomicheskaya istoriya Rossii: Uchebnoe posobie / Pod red. prof. M.N. Chepurina. – M., 2009.

References (transliteration):
1. Vladimirov V.A., Lyapunov Yu.I. Otvetstvennost' za korystnye posyagatel'stva na sotsialisticheskuyu sobstvennost' / V.A. Vladimirov, Yu.I. Lyapunov. – M., 1986.
2. Volzhenkin B.V. Prestupleniya v sfere ekonomicheskoy deyatel'nosti po ugolovnomu pravu Rossii / B.V. Volzhenkin. – SPb, 2007.
3. Volzhenkin B. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za nalogovye prestupleniya / B. Volzhenkin // Zakonnost'. – 1994. - ¹1.
4. Glebov D.A., Rolik A.I. Nalogovye prestupleniya i nalogovaya prestupnost' / D.A. Glebov, A.I. Rolik. – SPb, 2005.
5. Kashubin D.Yu. Nalogovye prestupleniya v ugolovnom prave Rossii: Avtoref. dis. … kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. – M., 2002.
6. Kucherov I.I. Nalogovye prestupleniya. – M., 1997. – S.29.
7. Solov'ev I.N. Realizatsiya ugolovnoy politiki Rossii v sfere nalogovykh prestupleniy: problemy i perspektivy: Dis. … doktora yuridicheskikh nauk. – M., 2004.
8. Solov'ev I.N. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost' za uklonenie ot uplaty nalogov i sborov. – M., 2000.
9. Strel'tsov V.L. Ugolovno-pravovaya bor'ba s netrudovymi dokhodami / V.L. Strel'tsov. – Kiev, 1988.
10. Timoshina T.M. Ekonomicheskaya istoriya Rossii: Uchebnoe posobie / Pod red. prof. M.N. Chepurina. – M., 2009.

Review: The article analyzes the procedure for electing a lawspeaker, the first person in early mediaeval Iceland. The author of the article describes the main ethical requirements for a lawspeaker as well as his main powers and responsibilities. A position of a lawspeaker (lögsogumaðr) in mediaeval Iceland was a bright phenomenon compared to the other social and political development of Scandinavian countries. Formation of state institutions in Denmark, Norway and Sweden was accompanied with the growing power of sea kings and appearing insignia. Iceland was an exception even though it had close relations with the countries of the Western Scandinavian group. At the end of the article the author concludes that dualism was typical for a position of a lawspeaker just like for the state management system of Iceland in general. On one hand, law speakear’s position had certain limitations because was available to all social groups and a lawspeaker was elected only for three years. On the other hand, there was a tendency towards succession of this position within one genus. Secondly, law speakers did not have any legal privileges or preferences. Lawspeakers had to observe the country’s laws and were criminally prosecuted. Adam Bremensky described that combination of rights and responsibilities by saying that “they had no other king except the law”.

Keywords: Iceland, lawspeaker, Middle Ages, Scandinavia, procedure, election, position, ethics, requirements, powers.

References:
1. Grágás: lagasafn íslenska þjóðveldisins/ Gunnar Karlsson, Kristján Sveinsson, Mörður Árnason., Reykjavík, 2001.
2. Íslendingabók/ Sigurður Nordal. Reykjavik,1974, ch.
3. Saga o N'yale/ Islandskie sagi. pod obshch. red. Smirnitskoy O.A., Spb., 1999.

References (transliteration):
1. Grágás: lagasafn íslenska þjóðveldisins/ Gunnar Karlsson, Kristján Sveinsson, Mörður Árnason., Reykjavík, 2001.
2. Íslendingabók/ Sigurður Nordal. Reykjavik,1974, ch.
3. Saga o N'yale/ Islandskie sagi. pod obshch. red. Smirnitskoy O.A., Spb., 1999.

Review: This article examines the theory and practice of using the theory of intimidation by the Bolsheviks as a method of public of administration in the civil war period. The author analyzes the preconditions of emergence of revolutionary terror, the practice and consequences of its use.

Keywords: Jurisprudence, intimidation, terror, Law, punishment, legitimacy, repressive organs, legal practice, state policy, security

Contact information: Nikulin Viktor Vasilyevich, 392000, Tambov, Sovetskaya St.,106.

References:
1. Golikov L.D. Krakh vrazheskogo podpol'ya. ( Iz istorii bor'by s kontrrevolyutsiey v Sovetskoy Rossii. 1917 – 1924g.g.) M.: Politizdat. 1971. S. 70.
2. Dekrety Sovetskoy vlasti. T. 1-3. M., Izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury. 1957. S.490-491.
3. Lantsov S. A. Terror i terroristy: Slovar'. SPb.: Izd-vo SPb. un-ta, 2004.
4. Lenin V. I.. Poln. Sobr. Soch. T. 35.
5. Kautskiy. Terrorizm i kommunizm. //Polis. 1991. ¹ 1.
6. Izvestiya VTsIK.
7. Sbornik dokumentov po istorii ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva SSSR i RSFSR 1917-1952 gg. M„ 1953.
8. Sorokin P. A. Chelovek. Tsivilizatsiya. Obshchestvo. M.: Politizdat, 1992. S. 270-294.
9. Revunenkov V. G. Istoriya Frantsuzskoy revolyutsii. SPB.: Izd-vo SZAGS; Izd-vo « Obrazovanie – Kul'tura»,2003. S. 370.
10. Tagantsev N.S. Russkoe ugolovnoe pravo. Lektsii. Chast' obshchaya. V 2-kh tomakh. - T. 2. - M., 1994.

References (transliteration):
1. Golikov L.D. Krakh vrazheskogo podpol'ya. ( Iz istorii bor'by s kontrrevolyutsiey v Sovetskoy Rossii. 1917 – 1924g.g.) M.: Politizdat. 1971. S. 70.
2. Dekrety Sovetskoy vlasti. T. 1-3. M., Izdatel'stvo politicheskoy literatury. 1957. S.490-491.
3. Lantsov S. A. Terror i terroristy: Slovar'. SPb.: Izd-vo SPb. un-ta, 2004.
4. Lenin V. I.. Poln. Sobr. Soch. T. 35.
5. Kautskiy. Terrorizm i kommunizm. //Polis. 1991. ¹ 1.
6. Izvestiya VTsIK.
7. Sbornik dokumentov po istorii ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva SSSR i RSFSR 1917-1952 gg. M„ 1953.
8. Sorokin P. A. Chelovek. Tsivilizatsiya. Obshchestvo. M.: Politizdat, 1992. S. 270-294.
9. Revunenkov V. G. Istoriya Frantsuzskoy revolyutsii. SPB.: Izd-vo SZAGS; Izd-vo « Obrazovanie – Kul'tura»,2003. S. 370.
10. Tagantsev N.S. Russkoe ugolovnoe pravo. Lektsii. Chast' obshchaya. V 2-kh tomakh. - T. 2. - M., 1994.