Review: The present article of a famous American analyst John Rosegrant is devoted to the analytical review of leading
theorists and practical psychoanalysts Bion, Jung and Freud. The author aims at finding similarities and differences in
their works. In particular, he writes that Bion and Jung both prefer the romantic/collectivist’s approach to therapy and
deny the classical/individual approach. On the other hand, Freud tried to use both. The author of the article himself
keeps up to Bion and Jung’s approach. Bion and Jung believed that the romantic method used in therapy could provide
more opportunities for a patient to get out of stagnation and trigger his self improvement. Freud just like Bacan insisted
that it was essential to combine both approaches both in one’s life and psychotherapy.
Part of the article is devoted to Jung’s archetypes who believed the archetype to be an independent, spontaneous source of
energy that existed in the reality and resembled ‘the gods’. Freud and Jung both thought that the gods (archetypes) were
created by projections of one’s spirits (psyche). While Freud believed the gods to be projection of one’s desire and fear,
Jung believed them to be super-personal force that does not relate to one’s personal experience but is created by psyche.
Keywords: psychoanalysis, Bion, Jung, Freud, therapy, analyst, patient, archetypes, free associations, collective unconscious.
Contact information: Konyaev Sergey Nikolaevich, 119991, Russia, Moscow, ul. Volkhonka 14/1, str. 5, komn. 406.
References:
1. adorno, T.W., frenkel-brunsvvik, E., levinson, D.J., & sanford, R.N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Norton.
2. auden, W.H. (1939). In memory of Sigmund Freud. In Selected Poems of W.H. Auden. New York: Modern Library,
1958, pp. 54-58.
3. bach, S. (1998). Two ways of being. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 8:657-673.
4. bakan, D. (1966). The Duality of Human Existence: Isolation and Communion
in Western Man. Boston: Beacon Press.
5. bergmann, M. (1993). Reflections on the history of psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
41:929-955.
6. bergmann, M. (1997). The historical roots of psychoanalytic orthodoxy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 78:69-86.
7. bion, W.R. (1959). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis
40:308-315.
8. bion, W.R. (1962). Learning from Experience. London: Heinemann.
9. bion, W.R. (1963). Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: Heinemann.
10. bion, W.R. (1965). Transformations. London: Heinemann.
11. bion, W.R. (1970). Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
12. bleandonu, G. (1994). Wilfred Bion: His Life and Works 1897-1979. New York: Other Press.
13. brown, L.J. (2009). Bion’s ego psychology: Implications for an intersubjective view of psychic structure. Psychoanalytic
Quarterly 78:27-55.
14. casement, A. (2010). Sonu Shamdasani interviewed by Ann Casement. Journal of Analytical Psychology 55:35-49.
15. culbert-koehn, J. (2009). Classical Jung meets Klein and Bion. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 10:443-455.
16. dehing, J. (1994). Containment—an archetype? Meaning of madness in Jung and Bion. Journal of Analytical Psychology
39:419-461.
17. ellenberger, H.R (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New
York: Basic Books.
18. ellman, S.J., ED. (1991). Freud’s Technique Papers: A Contemporary Perspective. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
19. fairbairn, W.R.D. (1963). Synopsis of an object-relations theory of the personality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis
44:224-225.
20. ferro, A. (2002). Superego transformations through the analyst’s capacity for reverie. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 71:477-501.
21. ferro, A. (2003). Marcella: The transition from explosive sensoriality to the ability to think. Psychoanalytic Quarterly
72:183-200.
22. ferro, A. (2005). Which reality in the psychoanalytic session? Psychoanalytic Quarterly 74:421-442.
23. ferro, A. (2006). Trauma, reverie, and the field. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 75:1045-1056.
24. ferro, A., & basile, R. (2004). The psychoanalyst as individual: Self-analysis and gradients of functioning. Psychoanalytic
Quarterly 73:659-682.
25. freud, S. (1907). Delusions and dreams in Jensen’s Gradiva. Standard Edition 9:7-95.
26. freud, S. (1911). Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning. Standard Edition 12:218-226.
27. freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. Standard Edition 12: 99-108.
28. freud, S. (1912-1913). Totem and taboo. Standard Edition 13:1-161.
29. freud, S. (1915). Observations on transference-love. Standard Edition 12:159-171. freud, S. (1916-1917). Introductory
lectures on psycho-analysis. Standard Edition 15/16.
30. freud, S. (1927). Civilization and its discontents. Standard Edition 21:64-145.
31. gedo, J.E. (1981). The air trembles, for demi-gods draw near. American Imago 38:61-80.
32. godsil, G. (2005). Reflections on death and mourning in relation to Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend. Journal of
Analytical Psychology 50:469-481.
33. hillman, J. (1977). Correspondence. Journal of Analytical Psychology 22:59.
34. horne, M., sowa, A., & isenman, D. (2000). Philosophical assumptions in Freud, Jung, and Bion: Questions of causality.
Journal of Analytical Psychology 45:109-121.
35. jung. C.G. (1911). Symbols of transformation. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 5. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1977.
36. jung, C.G. (1916). Psychoanalysis and neurosis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 4, pp. 243-251. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1961.
37. jung, C.G. (1917). On the psychology of the unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 7, pp. 1-119.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
38. jung, C.G. (I934a). Archetypes of the collective unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part I, pp.
3-41. Princeton: Princeton Univesity Press, 1981.
39. jung, C.G. (1934b). The development of the personality. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 17, pp. 165-186.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
40. jung, C.G. (I934c). The practical use of dream analysis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 16, pp. 133-161.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
41. jung, C.G. (I938a). Psychological aspects of the mother archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1,
pp. 75-110. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
42. jung, C.G. (I938b). Psychology and religion: West and east. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 11, pp. 3-105.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.
43. jung, C.G. (1940). The psychology of the child archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 151-
181. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
44. jung, C.G. (1944). Psychology and alchemy. In The Collected Works of C.G.Jung. Vol. 12. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1980.
45. jung, C.G. (1951). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9,
Part II. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
46. jung, C.G. (1952). Synchronicity: An acausal connecting principle. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 8, pp.
417-519. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
47. jung, C.G. (1955). Mandalas. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 387-390. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1981.
48. jung, C.G. (1955-1956). Mysterium coniunctionis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 14. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1977.
49. jung, C.G. (1961). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Random House.
50. jung, C.G. (2009). The Red Book. New York: Norton.
51. kerr, J. (1993). A Most Dangerous Method. New York: Vintage Books.
52. kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. lombardi, R. (2008). Time, music, and reverie. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56:1191-1211.
54. McGuiRE, W, ED. (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
55. meltzer, D. (1978). The clinical significance of the work of Bion. In The Kleinian Development. Perthshire: Clunie
Press, pp. 270-396.
56. O’SHAUGNESSY, E. (2005). Whose Bion? International Journal of Psychoanalysis 86:1523-1528.
57. potik, D. (2010). Possessive objects and paralyzing moods. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 79:687-715.
58. rosegrant, J. (2001). The psychoanalytic play state. Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis 10:323-343.
59. rosegrant, J. (2005). The therapeutic effects of the free-associative state of consciousness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly
74:737-766.
60. sayers, J. (2004). Transforming at-one-ment: Speilrein, Jung, Bion. Psychoanalysis & History 6:37-55.
61. shamdasani, S. (2004). Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream of a Science. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
62. shields, W. (2009). Imaginative literature and Bion’s intersubjective theory of thinking. Psychoanalytic Quarterly
78:559-586.
63. slochower, H. (1981). Freud as Yahweh in Jung’s “Answer to Job.” American Imago 38:3-39.
64. stevens, V (2010). Bion, Klein, and Freud. In When Theories Touch, ed. S.J. Ellman. London: Karnac Books, pp. 521-540.
65. sullivan, B.S. (2009). The Mystery of Analytical Work: Weavings from Jung and Bion. London: Routledge.
66. summers, F. (2011). Psychoanalysis: Romantic, not wild. Psychoanalytic Psychology 28:13-32.
67. williams, S. (2006). Analytic intuition: A meeting place for Jung and Bion.
References (transliteration):
1. adorno, T.W., frenkel-brunsvvik, E., levinson, D.J., & sanford, R.N. (1950). The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Norton.
2. auden, W.H. (1939). In memory of Sigmund Freud. In Selected Poems of W.H. Auden. New York: Modern Library,
1958, pp. 54-58.
3. bach, S. (1998). Two ways of being. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 8:657-673.
4. bakan, D. (1966). The Duality of Human Existence: Isolation and Communion
in Western Man. Boston: Beacon Press.
5. bergmann, M. (1993). Reflections on the history of psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
41:929-955.
6. bergmann, M. (1997). The historical roots of psychoanalytic orthodoxy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 78:69-86.
7. bion, W.R. (1959). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis
40:308-315.
8. bion, W.R. (1962). Learning from Experience. London: Heinemann.
9. bion, W.R. (1963). Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: Heinemann.
10. bion, W.R. (1965). Transformations. London: Heinemann.
11. bion, W.R. (1970). Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
12. bleandonu, G. (1994). Wilfred Bion: His Life and Works 1897-1979. New York: Other Press.
13. brown, L.J. (2009). Bion’s ego psychology: Implications for an intersubjective view of psychic structure. Psychoanalytic
Quarterly 78:27-55.
14. casement, A. (2010). Sonu Shamdasani interviewed by Ann Casement. Journal of Analytical Psychology 55:35-49.
15. culbert-koehn, J. (2009). Classical Jung meets Klein and Bion. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 10:443-455.
16. dehing, J. (1994). Containment—an archetype? Meaning of madness in Jung and Bion. Journal of Analytical Psychology
39:419-461.
17. ellenberger, H.R (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry. New
York: Basic Books.
18. ellman, S.J., ED. (1991). Freud’s Technique Papers: A Contemporary Perspective. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
19. fairbairn, W.R.D. (1963). Synopsis of an object-relations theory of the personality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis
44:224-225.
20. ferro, A. (2002). Superego transformations through the analyst’s capacity for reverie. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 71:477-501.
21. ferro, A. (2003). Marcella: The transition from explosive sensoriality to the ability to think. Psychoanalytic Quarterly
72:183-200.
22. ferro, A. (2005). Which reality in the psychoanalytic session? Psychoanalytic Quarterly 74:421-442.
23. ferro, A. (2006). Trauma, reverie, and the field. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 75:1045-1056.
24. ferro, A., & basile, R. (2004). The psychoanalyst as individual: Self-analysis and gradients of functioning. Psychoanalytic
Quarterly 73:659-682.
25. freud, S. (1907). Delusions and dreams in Jensen’s Gradiva. Standard Edition 9:7-95.
26. freud, S. (1911). Formulations on the two principles of mental functioning. Standard Edition 12:218-226.
27. freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. Standard Edition 12: 99-108.
28. freud, S. (1912-1913). Totem and taboo. Standard Edition 13:1-161.
29. freud, S. (1915). Observations on transference-love. Standard Edition 12:159-171. freud, S. (1916-1917). Introductory
lectures on psycho-analysis. Standard Edition 15/16.
30. freud, S. (1927). Civilization and its discontents. Standard Edition 21:64-145.
31. gedo, J.E. (1981). The air trembles, for demi-gods draw near. American Imago 38:61-80.
32. godsil, G. (2005). Reflections on death and mourning in relation to Dickens’ novel Our Mutual Friend. Journal of
Analytical Psychology 50:469-481.
33. hillman, J. (1977). Correspondence. Journal of Analytical Psychology 22:59.
34. horne, M., sowa, A., & isenman, D. (2000). Philosophical assumptions in Freud, Jung, and Bion: Questions of causality.
Journal of Analytical Psychology 45:109-121.
35. jung. C.G. (1911). Symbols of transformation. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 5. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1977.
36. jung, C.G. (1916). Psychoanalysis and neurosis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 4, pp. 243-251. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1961.
37. jung, C.G. (1917). On the psychology of the unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 7, pp. 1-119.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
38. jung, C.G. (I934a). Archetypes of the collective unconscious. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part I, pp.
3-41. Princeton: Princeton Univesity Press, 1981.
39. jung, C.G. (1934b). The development of the personality. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 17, pp. 165-186.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
40. jung, C.G. (I934c). The practical use of dream analysis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 16, pp. 133-161.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
41. jung, C.G. (I938a). Psychological aspects of the mother archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1,
pp. 75-110. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
42. jung, C.G. (I938b). Psychology and religion: West and east. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 11, pp. 3-105.
Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975.
43. jung, C.G. (1940). The psychology of the child archetype. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 151-
181. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
44. jung, C.G. (1944). Psychology and alchemy. In The Collected Works of C.G.Jung. Vol. 12. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1980.
45. jung, C.G. (1951). Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9,
Part II. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
46. jung, C.G. (1952). Synchronicity: An acausal connecting principle. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 8, pp.
417-519. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969.
47. jung, C.G. (1955). Mandalas. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 9, Part 1, pp. 387-390. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1981.
48. jung, C.G. (1955-1956). Mysterium coniunctionis. In The Collected Works of C.G. Jung. Vol. 14. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1977.
49. jung, C.G. (1961). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. New York: Random House.
50. jung, C.G. (2009). The Red Book. New York: Norton.
51. kerr, J. (1993). A Most Dangerous Method. New York: Vintage Books.
52. kohut, H. (1984). How Does Analysis Cure? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
53. lombardi, R. (2008). Time, music, and reverie. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56:1191-1211.
54. McGuiRE, W, ED. (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
55. meltzer, D. (1978). The clinical significance of the work of Bion. In The Kleinian Development. Perthshire: Clunie
Press, pp. 270-396.
56. O’SHAUGNESSY, E. (2005). Whose Bion? International Journal of Psychoanalysis 86:1523-1528.
57. potik, D. (2010). Possessive objects and paralyzing moods. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 79:687-715.
58. rosegrant, J. (2001). The psychoanalytic play state. Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis 10:323-343.
59. rosegrant, J. (2005). The therapeutic effects of the free-associative state of consciousness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly
74:737-766.
60. sayers, J. (2004). Transforming at-one-ment: Speilrein, Jung, Bion. Psychoanalysis & History 6:37-55.
61. shamdasani, S. (2004). Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream of a Science. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
62. shields, W. (2009). Imaginative literature and Bion’s intersubjective theory of thinking. Psychoanalytic Quarterly
78:559-586.
63. slochower, H. (1981). Freud as Yahweh in Jung’s “Answer to Job.” American Imago 38:3-39.
64. stevens, V (2010). Bion, Klein, and Freud. In When Theories Touch, ed. S.J. Ellman. London: Karnac Books, pp. 521-540.
65. sullivan, B.S. (2009). The Mystery of Analytical Work: Weavings from Jung and Bion. London: Routledge.
66. summers, F. (2011). Psychoanalysis: Romantic, not wild. Psychoanalytic Psychology 28:13-32.
67. williams, S. (2006). Analytic intuition: A meeting place for Jung and Bion.